\documentclass[ALCO,ThmDefs,Unicode,epreuves]{cedram}
\OneNumberAllTheorems

\usepackage{youngtab}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
%\usepackage{url}
%\usepackage{xtab}
%\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tcolorbox}


\DeclareMathOperator{\pr}{pr}
\DeclareMathOperator{\rep}{rep}
\DeclareMathOperator{\orb}{Orb}
\DeclareMathOperator{\sh}{sh}
\DeclareMathOperator{\dom}{dom}
\DeclareMathOperator{\id}{id}
\DeclareMathOperator{\sgn}{sgn}
\DeclareMathOperator{\Irm}{I}
\DeclareMathOperator{\IIrm}{II}
\DeclareMathOperator{\IIIrm}{III}
\DeclareMathOperator{\YBT}{YBT}


\newcommand{\ra}{\rightarrow}
\newcommand{\lra}{\longrightarrow}
\newcommand{\llra}{\longleftrightarrow}
\newcommand{\hra}{\hookrightarrow}
\newcommand{\ob}{\overline}
\newcommand{\Ra}{\Rightarrow}
\newcommand{\La}{\Leftarrow}
\newcommand{\ub}{\underbrace}
\newcommand{\bk}{\backslash}
\newcommand{\ep}{\varepsilon}
\newcommand{\ph}{\varphi}
\newcommand{\Ph}{\Varphi}
\newcommand{\ka}{\kappa}
\newcommand{\al}{\alpha}
\newcommand{\be}{\beta}
\newcommand{\ga}{\gamma}
\newcommand{\Ga}{\Gamma}
\newcommand{\si}{\sigma}
\newcommand{\lam}{\lambda}
\newcommand{\Lam}{\Lambda}
\newcommand{\ze}{\zeta}
\newcommand{\de}{\delta}
\newcommand{\De}{\Delta}
\newcommand{\tha}{\theta}
\newcommand{\Tha}{\Theta}
\newcommand{\up}{\upsilon}
\newcommand{\Up}{\Upsilon}
\newcommand{\IH}{\mathcal{H}}
\newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb{Z}}
\newcommand{\A}{\mathcal{A}}
\newcommand{\ms}{}
\newcommand{\bs}{}
\newcommand{\noi}{\noindent}
\newcommand{\qq}{\qquad}
\newcommand{\qqq}{\qq \qq \qq \qq}
\newcommand{\sm}{\!\!\!\!}
\newcommand{\les}{\leqslant}
\newcommand{\ges}{\geqslant}
\newcommand{\nles}{\nleqslant}
\newcommand{\nges}{\ngeqslant}
%\newcommand{\eq}{\,=\,}
\newcommand{\eq}{=}
%\newcommand{ }{\scalebox{0.5}{\,}} % quarter space
\newcommand{\qc}{\scalebox{0.25}{\!}} % quarter cancel
\newcommand{\ldes}{\mathcal{L}}
\newcommand{\rdes}{\mathcal{R}}
\newcommand{\wei}{\mathscr{L}}
%\newcommand{\rxi}{\ob{\rdes}^{\raise - 2.0pt \hbox{\scriptsize $\wei$}}}
\newcommand{\rxi}{\smash{\ob{\rdes}}^{\wei}}
\newcommand{\Sxi}{\smash{\ob{S}}^{\wei}}
%\newcommand{\nchooseq}{n \choose {\raise 1.6pt \hbox{\scriptsize $q$}} }
\newcommand{\nchooseq}{\binom{n}{q}}
%\newcommand{\stackclose}[2]{\stackrel{\scriptsize \raise -0.5pt \hbox{$#1$}}{#2}}
\newcommand{\stackclose}[2]{\stackrel{#1}{#2}}
\newcommand{\app}{\approx}
\newcommand{\napp}{\not\approx}
\newcommand{\pnq}{p_{n,q}}


\newcommand{\Area}{\textup{$Z$}}
\newcommand{\rArea}{\widetilde{\textup{$Z$}}}


\newcommand{\diagramB}{\begin{center}
\begin{picture}(180,28)
\put( -3, 10){$B_n$}
\put( -1, -2.7){$\scriptstyle{\wei}$}
\put( 30, 10){\circle*{5}}
\put( 30, 10){\line(1,0){30}}
\put( 42.5, 13){$\scriptstyle{4}$}
\put( 60, 10){\circle*{5}}
\put( 60, 10){\line(1,0){30}}
\put( 90, 10){\circle*{5}}
\put( 90, 10){\line(1,0){20}}
\put(120, 10){\circle*{1}}
\put(130, 10){\circle*{1}}
\put(140, 10){\circle*{1}}
\put(150, 10){\line(1,0){20}}
\put(170, 10){\circle*{5}}
\put( 28, 18.5){$t$}
\put( 57, 19){$s_1$}
\put( 87, 19){$s_2$}
\put(167, 19){$s_{n-1}$}
\put(28,-3){$\scriptstyle{b}$}
\put(58,-3){$\scriptstyle{a}$}
\put(88,-3){$\scriptstyle{a}$}
\put(168,-3){$\scriptstyle{a}$}
%\put(173,5){$.$}
\end{picture}
\end{center}} 



\newcommand{\arr}[2]{
\draw[->] (#1,#2) to [out=-70, in=70] (#1,#2-0.45);
}

\newcommand{\art}[2]{
\draw[->] (#1,#2) to [out=110, in=245] (#1,#2+2.3);
}

\newcommand{\argh}[2]{
\arr{#1}{#2}
\arr{#1}{#2-1}
\arr{#1+0.03}{#2-1.88}
\art{#1-0.25}{#2-2.4}
}


\newcommand{\arrk}[2]{
\draw[->] (#1-0.05,#2+0.35) to [out=-70, in=70] (#1-0.05,#2-0.42);
}

\newcommand{\artk}[2]{
\draw[->] (#1,#2) to [out=105, in=250] (#1,#2+2.7);
}

\newcommand{\arghk}[2]{
\arrk{#1}{#2}
\arrk{#1}{#2-1}
\arrk{#1}{#2-2}
\artk{#1-0.2}{#2-2.38}
}

\newcommand{\tbox}[4]{
\draw (#1,#2) -- (#1+#3,#2) -- (#1+#3,#2-#3) -- (#1,#2-#3) -- (#1,#2);
\node at (#1+0.5*#3,#2-0.5*#3) {$#4$};
}
\newcommand{\xbox}[4]{
\draw (#1,#2) -- (#1+#3,#2) -- (#1+#3,#2-#3) -- (#1,#2-#3) -- (#1,#2);
\node at (#1+0.54*#3,#2-0.54*#3) {$#4$};
}
\newcommand{\zbox}[4]{
\draw (#1,#2) -- (#1+#3,#2) -- (#1+#3,#2-#3) -- (#1,#2-#3) -- (#1,#2);
\node at (#1+0.5*#3,#2-0.4*#3) {$#4$};
}


\hyphenation{Vogan}
\hyphenation{Gramain}

%\equalenv{theorem*}{thm*}
%\equalenv{proposition}{prop}
%\equalenv{corollary}{coro}
%\equalenv{definition}{defi}
%\equalenv{remark}{rema}
%\equalenv{example}{exam}
%\equalenv{notation}{nota}


%%%%%%%%% a placer avant \begin{document}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newcommand*{\mk}{\mkern -1mu}
\newcommand*{\Mk}{\mkern -2mu}
\newcommand*{\mK}{\mkern 1mu}
\newcommand*{\MK}{\mkern 2mu}

\hypersetup{urlcolor=purple, linkcolor=blue, citecolor=red}


\newcommand*{\romanenumi}{\renewcommand*{\theenumi}{\roman{enumi}}}
\newcommand*{\Romanenumi}{\renewcommand*{\theenumi}{\Roman{enumi}}}
\newcommand*{\alphenumi}{\renewcommand*{\theenumi}{\alph{enumi}}}
\newcommand*{\Alphenumi}{\renewcommand*{\theenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%% Auteur

\author{\firstname{Edmund} \lastname{Howse}}

\address{Department of Mathematics \\ 
National University of Singapore \\ 
10 Lower Kent Ridge Road \\ 
Singapore 119076}

\email{edmund.howse@nus.edu.sg}

\thanks{The author is supported by Singapore MOE Tier 2 AcRF MOE2015-T2-2-003. }

%%%%% Sujet



\subjclass{}

\keywords{Coxeter groups, Iwahori--Hecke algebras, Kazhdan--Lusztig cells}


%%%%% Titre et résumé

\title[Vogan classes in type $B_n$]{Vogan classes in type $B_n$}

\begin{abstract}
Kazhdan and Lusztig have shown how to partition a Coxeter group into cells. In this paper, we use the theory of Vogan classes to obtain a first characterisation of the left cells of type $B_n$ with respect to a certain choice of weight function. 
\end{abstract}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%



 

\begin{document}


\maketitle


\section{Introduction}\label{intro}

Lusztig has described how to partition a Coxeter group into left, right and two-sided cells with respect to a weight function~\cite{LWeyl}. This is done via certain equivalence relations that are calculated in the corresponding Iwahori--Hecke algebra, and the resulting cells afford representations of both the group and the algebra. Algebraic techniques have been developed to reduce the determination of cells to combinatorial calculations at the level of the group. 

These ideas, along with their connections to other areas of mathematics, were first outlined by Kazhdan and Lusztig~\cite{KL}. Their paper contains a quintessential result in the theory of cells~-- the classification of cells in type $A_n$. In this setting,
the left cells afford a complete list of irreducible representations of the corresponding Iwahori--Hecke algebra, a pair of left cells afford isomorphic representations if and only if they are contained in the same two-sided cell, and two elements of the group are in the same left cell if and only if they have the same recording tableaux under the Robinson--Schensted correspondence.

 


There is ample motivation then, to have an interest in the theory of cells. One of the aims of this theory is to classify the cells of finite Coxeter groups. 



Only three types of finite irreducible Coxeter groups may have associated Iwahori--Hecke algebras with unequal parameters; these are type $F_4$, type $B_n$, and type $I_2(m)$, where $m$ is even. 
The theory here is more complex than the equal parameter case; the conditions for determining whether two weight functions are cell-equivalent, that is, they give rise to the same partition of the Coxeter group into cells, are far from obvious. 



Lusztig comprehensively discussed the cells of type $I_2(m)$ in~\cite{L}, while Geck used a combination of theoretical considerations and explicit computer calculations to resolve the case of type $F_4$ in~\cite{GeckF}. This leaves the case of type $B_n$ to be considered. 



Denote by $W_n$ the Coxeter group of type $B_n$. The weighted Coxeter system $(W_n,S,\wei)$ may be concisely described by its Coxeter diagram:
\diagramB
%{\color{white} 
%$\bullet$}\\[-1.8em]

\medskip 
When $b/a = 1$, the cells of $W_n$ are known following a series of papers of Garfinkle~\cite{GarI, GarII, GarIII}. In this case, the left cells may be combinatorially described using domino tableaux and associated operations.
A description of the left cells when $b/a \in \{\frac12,\frac32\}$ is due to Lusztig~\cite{LWeyl}. 
The other known case is detailed in papers of Bonnaf{\'e} and Iancu~\cite{BI} and Bonnaf{\'e}~\cite{BonAsy}; any weight function such that $b/a > n-1$ corresponds to an ``asymptotic'' choice of parameters, and the resulting cells are governed by a generalised Robinson--Schensted correspondence. 
%As in the aforementioned results of Kazhdan and Lusztig on cells in the symmetric group, the left cells afford a complete list of irreducible representations of the Iwahori--Hecke algebra, and two left cells afford isomorphic representations if and only if they are contained in the same two-sided cell.
 Further, the left cells afford a complete list of irreducible representations of the Iwahori--Hecke algebra, and two left cells afford isomorphic representations 
if and only if they are in the same two-sided cell.
Thus their results are analogous to the aforementioned results of Kazhdan and Lusztig
on cells in type $A_{n-1}$.
% if and only if they are contained in the same two-sided cell, analogously to the %aforementioned results of Kazhdan and Lusztig on cells in type $A_{n-1}$. 
 %The aforementioned results of Kazhdan and Lusztig on cells in type $A_n$ all have an analogue in type $B_n$ in the asymptotic case, but not in the equal parameter case. 

An important development in the study of the cells of $W_n$ came in the form of a number of conjectures by Bonnaf{\'e}, Geck, Iancu and Lam~\cite{BGIL}. These conjectures state conditions for two weight functions on $W_n$ to be cell-equivalent, as well as a unified combinatorial description of the left, right and two-sided cells for each of these cases. Although there are results in this direction due to Bonnaf{\'e}~\cite{BonKLB,BonKLBErratum}, a proof of these conjectures remains elusive. 

In this paper, our focus is on the left cells of $W_n$
 when $b/a > n-2$. The conjectures of~\cite{BGIL} suggests that the corresponding weight functions belong to one of the following three classes of cell-equivalence:

\begin{itemize}
\item when $b/a > n-1$; this is the \emph{asymptotic case},
\item when $b/a = n-1$; which we refer to as the \emph{intermediate case},
\item when $b/a \in (n-2,n-1)$; referred to as the \emph{sub-asymptotic case}.
\end{itemize} 


In the following two sections we recall some necessary background material. In Section 4 we generalise the notion of the \emph{enhanced right descent set} of Bonnaf{\'e} and Geck~\cite{BG} to obtain an invariant $\rxi$ of left cells for finite weighted Coxeter systems. Section 5 is a collection of technical results for later use. In Section 6, we recall the concept of Vogan classes from~\cite{BG}, and establish a particular set $\Xi$ of KL-admissible pairs for use in type $B_n$, defined exactly when $b/a > n-2$. 

These KL-admissible pairs describe maps that can be used to determine 
cellular information that is common to the three cases mentioned above; Section 7 is dedicated to understanding this.
In the final section, we determine the left Vogan $(\Xi,\rxi)$-classes, which leads to the following result. 

\begin{theo*}
Suppose $(W_n, S, \wei)$ is such that $b/a \ges n-1$. Then two elements of $W_n$ 
 are in the same left cell if and only if they lie in the same left Vogan $(\Xi,\rxi)$-class.
\end{theo*}

\noindent
As such, the left Vogan $(\Xi,\rxi)$-classes offer a new characterisation of the asymptotic left cells of $W_n$, 
 and the first characterisation of the left cells when $b/a = n-1$. 










\section{Kazhdan--Lusztig cells with unequal parameters}

\looseness-1
Let $(W,S)$ be a Coxeter system, let $y, w \in W$, $s,t \in S$, and denote by $\ell:W\ra\Z_{\ges0}$ the standard length function. A \emph{weight function} for $W$ is any map $\wei:W\ra \Z$ such that $\wei(yw) = \wei(y) + \wei(w)$ whenever $\ell(yw) = \ell(y) + \ell(w)$. A weight function is uniquely determined by its values on $S$; 
conversely, any function $\wei:S\ra\Z$ such that $\wei(s)=\wei(t)$ whenever 
$st$ has odd order extends uniquely to a weight function on $W$. 


We will assume throughout that $\wei(s)>0$ for all $s \in S$; see Lusztig~\cite{LWeyl} and Bonnaf{\'e}~\cite{BonSP} for the original, more general framework. 

\ms




We will denote by $\les$ the Bruhat--Chevalley order on $W$, and write $y < w$ if $y \les w$ with $y \neq w$. If $y$ is a suffix of $w$, we write $y \les_e w$; see 2.1 of Geck--Pfeiffer~\cite{GP} for details. 

\ms

Let $I \subseteq S$ be non-empty. The parabolic subgroup $W_I\coloneqq \langle I \rangle$ has a corresponding set $X_I$ of distinguished left coset representatives. 
For all $w \in W$, there exist unique elements $x \in X_I$, $u \in W_I$ such that $w=xu$; moreover, $\ell(w) = \ell(x) + \ell(u)$. In this context, we denote:
\[\rep_I(w)\coloneqq x,\ \ \ \pr_I(w)\coloneqq u.\]
There exists a bijection:
\[ 
\begin{aligned} 
W & \llra X_I\times W_I, \\ 
w & \llra (\rep_I(w),\, \pr_I(w)). 
\end{aligned}\]


The Iwahori--Hecke algebra $\IH\coloneqq \IH(W,S,\wei)$ is a deformation of the group algebra of $W$ over $\mathcal{A}\coloneqq \Z[v,v^{-1}]$, the ring of Laurent polynomials with indeterminate $v$. 

The Iwahori--Hecke algebra has an $\mathcal{A}$-basis $\{T_w : w\in W\}$; multiplication between basis elements may be described by the formula:
\[ T_sT_w \eq %\left\{ \arraycolsep=5pt
\begin{cases} T_{sw} & \text{if } sw>w, \\
T_{sw} + (v^{\wei(s)} - v^{-\wei(s)})\,T_w &\text{if } sw<w. \end{cases} 
%\right. 
\]

We refer to the elements of the set % $\xi_\wei\coloneqq 
$\{v^{\wei(s)} : s \in S\}$ as the \emph{parameters} of the Iwahori--Hecke algebra. If there exist $s,t\in S$ such that $v^{\wei(s)} \neq v^{\wei(t)}$ then we say that $\IH$ has \emph{unequal parameters}. Otherwise, we say that we are in the \emph{equal parameter} case. 

\ms

Multiplication in the Kazhdan--Lusztig basis $\{ C_w : w \in W\}$ of $\IH$ (see Kazhdan--Lusztig~\cite{KL} and Lusztig~\cite{LWeyl}) determines the left cells of $W$ as follows. The relation defined by:
\[
y\les'_{L}w \ \text{ if } %\ \left\{\! \arraycolsep=5pt
\begin{cases} \text{there exists } s \in S \text { such that } \\ C_y \text{ occurs with non-zero coefficient in } C_sC_w \end{cases}
%\right.
\]
\looseness-1
can be extended to its reflexive, transitive closure -- a preorder $\les_L$ called the \emph{Kazhdan--Lusztig preorder}. The associated equivalence relation on $W$, denoted $\sim_L$, is defined by:
\[
y \sim_L w \iff y \les_L w \text{ and } w \les_L y.
\] 
The resulting equivalence classes are called \emph{left cells}. 
Similar definitions exist for the preorder $\les_R$ and right cells, as well as the preorder $\les_{LR}$ and two-sided cells; see Lusztig~\cite{L, Lupdated} for details. 

%\ms

The Coxeter group $W_I$ has its own left, right and two-sided cells, arising from relations denoted $\sim_{L,I}$, $\sim_{R,I}$ and $\sim_{LR,I}$ respectively.








\section{The Coxeter group of type \texorpdfstring{$B_n$}{Bn}}\label{B_n section}

We retain the notation for the Coxeter group of type $B_n$ from \S~\ref{intro}.
It is often useful to identify $W_n$ with the group of signed permutations. The map given by $ t \mapsto (1,-1)$, $s_i \mapsto (i,i+1)(-i,-i-1)$
% \[ t \mapsto (1,-1),\ \ \ s_i \mapsto (i,i+1)(-i,-i-1)\]
defines an isomorphism between these groups. Thus we can write $w \in W_n$ as a sequence $w(1), \ldots, w(n)$, where for $1 \les i \les n$ we have $w(i) = \ep_i p_i$, with $\ep_i \in \{\pm 1\}$, and $p_1, \ldots, p_n$ forming a permutation of $n$.
%\[ w \eq \left( \begin{array}{cccc} 1 & 2 & \cdots & n \\ \eta_1p_1 & \eta_2p_2 & \cdots & \eta_np_n \end{array}\right)\!,\]
% where $p_1, \ldots, p_n$ is a permutation of $1,\ldots,n$, and $\eta_i \in \{\pm1\}$ for $1 \les i \les n$. 
% For notational convenience, we will occasionally denote $w(1), \ldots, w(n)$ simply by $w_1 \cdots w_n$. 

 One benefit of this identification is the use of the following classical result. Let $1 \les i \les n-1$ and $1 \les j \les n$. Set $t_j\coloneqq s_{j-1} \cdots s_1 t s_1 \cdots s_{j-1} = (j,-j)$.

\goodbreak
\begin{lemma}\label{signdes} Let $w \in W_n$. Then:
\begin{enumerate}[(\roman{enumi})]
\item\label{lemma3.1_i}
$\ell(ws_i) < \ell(w) \iff w(i+1) < w(i)$, %\\[0.1em]
\item\label{lemma3.1_ii} $\ell(wt_j) < \ell(w) \iff w(j)<0$.
\end{enumerate}

\end{lemma}

% We may also write a signed permutation $w$ as $w_1 \cdots w_n$, where $w_i \coloneqq w(i)$ for $1 \les i \les n$. 


There exists a generalised Robinson--Schensted correspondence from the elements of $W_n$ to pairs of standard bitableaux of size $n$ with the same shape; see Bonnaf{\'e}--Iancu~\cite{BI} for details. We denote this correspondence
\[ 
w\, \longmapsto \big( A_n(w),\, B_n(w)\big),
\]
and set $\sh(w)$ to be the shape of $A_n(w)$ which is equal to the shape of $B_n(w)$. The bitableau $A_n(w)$ is called the \emph{insertion bitableau of $w$}, and $B_n(w)$ is called the \emph{recording bitableau of $w$}.

\ms

In~\cite[\S~1]{BI}, it is noted that the left cells of $(W_n,S,\wei)$ are independent of the exact value of $b/a$, provided it is sufficiently large (with respect to $n$). Such a weight function is termed an \emph{asymptotic weight function}. Whenever $W_n$ is equipped with an asymptotic weight function, we say that we are in the \emph{asymptotic case}.

\begin{theorem}
[{Bonnaf{\'e}--Iancu,~\cite[Theorem~7.7]{BI}; Bonnaf{\'e},~\cite[Remark~3.7 and Proposition~5.5]{BonAsy}}]\label{ThmBI} 
 A weight function on $W_n$ is asymptotic if and only if $b/a > n-1$. Moreover, let $y,w \in W_n$ and suppose that we are in the asymptotic case. Then: 

\begin{enumerate}[(\roman{enumi})]
\item\label{theo3.2_i}
$y \sim_L w\iff B_n(y) = B_n(w)$, %\\[0.1em]
\item\label{theo3.2_ii}
$y \sim_R w\iff A_n(y) = A_n(w)$, %\\[0.1em]
\item\label{theo3.2_iii}
$y \sim_{LR} w \iff \sh(y) = \sh(w)$. % \\
%(iv) & A weight function on $W_n$ is asymptotic if and only if $b/a > n-1$. 
\end{enumerate}


\end{theorem}


We conclude with some additional notation. Denote by $\ell_t$ the function that counts the number of occurences of the generator $t$ in a reduced expression for $w \in W_n$. Let~$e$ be the identity element, and let $w_0$ be the longest word of $W_n$. 














%\newpage












\section{A new descent set for finite Coxeter groups}
\looseness-1
Let $(W,S,\wei)$ be a weighted Coxeter system. The \emph{right descent set of $w \in W$} is given~by
\[\rdes(w)\coloneqq \{ s \in S : \ell(ws)<\ell(w)\}.\]
%is the \emph{right descent set of $w \in W$}. 
% The \emph{left descent set of $w \in W$} may be defined as $\ldes(w)\coloneqq \rdes(w^{-1})$. 
The right descent set is an invariant of the left cells of $W$ (see~\cite{LWeyl}), so if $y\sim_L w$ then $\rdes(y)=\rdes(w)$. This concept may be refined as in Bonnaf{\'e}--Geck~\cite[Example~7.4]{BG}. Let
 \[S^\wei\coloneqq S \cup\{sts : s,t \in S\text{, such that } \wei(t)>\wei(s)\}.\]
Then the \emph{enhanced right descent set} of $w \in W$ is
\[\rdes^{\wei}(w)\coloneqq \{ \si \in S^\wei : \ell(w \si)<\ell(w)\}.\]
%\rdes^{\raise 0.5pt \hbox{\scriptsize $\wei$}}
This is again an invariant of left cells. Although this is only a slightly finer invariant than the right descent set, its strength lies in being fine enough to determine left cells of dihedral groups with respect to any of the three cell-equivalence classes of weight functions. It is therefore a useful tool when considering parabolic subgroups of $W$ of rank $2$. In this section, we further refine this concept to obtain an invariant of left cells of finite weighted Coxeter systems that is sensitive to the choice of weight function. 



% \subsection{A generalised enhanced right descent set}

\begin{definition}\label{SPD}
Let $(W,S,\wei)$ be a weighted Coxeter system, and let
\[ 
\Sxi\coloneqq S \cup \left\{ s_{k} \cdots s_1 t s_1 \cdots s_{k} \ :\, \!\begin{array}[t]{ll} \wei(t) > k\cdot \wei(s_i) \ \text{ and } \\ \textup{order}({s_is_{i+1}})=3 \text{ for } 1 \les i \les k-1 \end{array} \! \right\}\qc.
\]
For $w \in W$, let %\\[-1em]
\[\rxi(w)\coloneqq \{ \si \in \Sxi : \ell(w \si) < \ell(w) \}.\]
\end{definition}

%\noi 
Note that $\rxi(w) = \rdes(w)$ when $\wei$ is constant on $S$.


\begin{lemma}\label{F_4 prop}
Let $W$ be of type $F_4$, and let $\wei:W\ra \Z$ be %_{\ges0}$
 a weight function. Then $\rxi$ is an invariant of the left cells of $W$ with respect to $\wei$.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
The cell-equivalence classes of weight functions on $W$ are known following Corollary 4.8 of Geck~\cite{GeckF}. The result can then be verified for a representative of each class with some elementary computer code in conjunction with the Python module PyCox; see Geck~\cite{PyCox}. 
\end{proof}

\begin{remark}\label{SPD W_n ver.}
For $W=W_n$ and $b/a \ges 1$, we have 
\[
\Sxi \subseteq \{s_1,\, s_2,\ldots, s_{n-1},\, t_1,\, t_2, \ldots, t_n\},
\] 
and for $w \in W_n$, we have %\\[-1em]
\[
\rxi(w) \eq \rdes(w) \cup\left\{ t_k \ : \ \frac ba > k-1 \ \textup{ and }\ \ell(wt_k) < \ell(w)\right\}.
\]
We set $K\coloneqq \{t,s_1,\ldots,s_{n-2}\}$ so that $W_K = W_{n-1}$. We may describe the set $X_K$ as the set of all suffixes of the Coxeter word $t_n = s_{n-1} \cdots s_1ts_1 \cdots s_{n-1}$. %For $0 \les r \les 2n-1$, set $x_r$ to be the unique element of $X_K$ with length $r$.
\end{remark}


%\noi 
From now until the end of this section only, we adopt the setup of Remark~\ref{SPD W_n ver.}. A similar setting to this was considered in Pietraho~\cite[Definition~3.4]{Pietraho2009}. 






\begin{remark}\label{incl}
Let $x \in X_K$ and $u \in W_K$. Then $\rxi(xu) = \rxi(u) \cup A$, for some % \footnote{\ Note that $t_n \in A$ only if $b/a > n-1$.} 
$A \subseteq \{s_{n-1},\, t_n\}$.
\end{remark}


\begin{proposition}\label{SPD invariant}
Let $y,w \in W_n$. If $y \sim_L w$, then $\rxi(y)=\rxi(w)$.
\end{proposition}

\begin{proof}
Fix a weight function $\wei$ as in Remark~\ref{SPD W_n ver.}, let $y,w \in W_n$, and suppose that $y \sim_L w$. Recall that if $y \sim_L w$ then $\rdes(y)=\rdes(w)$, and so we only need to evaluate the membership of $t_j$ in $\rxi(y)$ and $\rxi(w)$, where $j$ satisfies both $2 \les j \les n$ and $b/a > j-1$. Proceed by induction on $n$.

\ms

Suppose $n=2$. Then $\rxi$ coincides with $\rdes^{\raise - 0.5pt \hbox{\scriptsize $\wei$}}$, and $W_2$ coincides with $W(I_2(4))$. The statement is then true by~\cite[Example~7.4]{BG}. Now assume the statement is true for all $r < n$. We show that it is true for $r=n$.

\ms

Let $2 \les j \les n-1$ and suppose $b/a > j-1$. Then by Remark~\ref{incl}, we have
\begin{equation}\label{eqn 01}
t_j \in \rxi(w) \iff t_j \in \rxi(\pr_K(w)).
\end{equation}

By Geck~\cite[Theorem~1]{GeckInd}, $y \sim_L w$ implies that $\pr_K(y) \sim_{L,K} \pr_K(w)$. By our induction hypothesis, $\pr_K(y) \sim_{L,K} \pr_K(w)$ implies that $\rxi(\pr_K(y)) = \rxi(\pr_K(w))$. So if $b/a \les n-1$, then we are done by~\eqref{eqn 01}. If not, then it remains to determine the membership of $t_n$ in $\rxi(y)$ and $\rxi(w)$.

So, suppose now that $b/a > n-1$. Then by~\cite[Corollary~6.7]{BI}, we know that $\ell_t(y) = \ell_t(w)$. By~\cite[Theorem~1]{GeckInd}, we have $\ell_t(\pr_K(y)) = \ell_t(\pr_K(w))$. It follows that $\ell_t(\rep_K(y)) = \ell_t(\rep_K(w))$. It remains to observe that $t_n \in \rxi(w)$ if and only if $\ell_t(\rep_K(w)) = 1$. 
\end{proof}


%\vfill


\begin{corollary}
Let $(W,S,\wei)$ be a finite weighted Coxeter system. Then $\rxi$ is an invariant of its left cells.
\end{corollary}

\begin{proof}
We use the classification of finite irreducible Coxeter groups to reduce to the case where $W$ is of type $B_n$, type $F_4$, or type $I_2(m)$ with $m$ even. The case of type $F_4$ was looked at in Lemma~\ref{F_4 prop}. The case of type $I_2(m)$ has been considered in~\cite[Example~7.4]{BG}. For type $B_n$, if $b/a \in (0,1)$, then $\rxi = \rdes^{\raise 0.5pt \hbox{\scriptsize $\wei$}}$, and we are in the case of~\cite[Example~7.4]{BG} again. Finally, we appeal to Proposition~\ref{SPD invariant} to conclude the proof. 
\end{proof}

\ms


From the definition of $\rxi$, we see that we can write \[W_n = \bigsqcup_{I \subseteq \Sxi} \{w \in W_n : \rxi(w)=I \},
\]
and so $\rxi$ partitions $W_n$ into up to $2^{2n-1}$ subsets. However, unlike with $\rdes$, some of these subsets will be empty.
 For instance, if $W_2$ is equipped with an asymptotic weight function, then $\rxi$ distinguishes all six of its left cells. On the other hand, there is no element $w \in W_2$ such that $\rxi(w)$ is equal to either $\{t,s_1\}$ or $\{t_2\}$. These observations motivate us to work out just how fine an invariant $\rxi$ is for the left cells of $W_n$. 







\begin{lemma}\label{asy spd}
Suppose $W_n$ is equipped with an asymptotic weight function. Then $\rxi$ partitions %the elements of 
$W_n$ into exactly $2\cdot3^{n-1}$ non-empty subsets.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
We proceed by induction on $n$. For the case $n=2$, see % Example~\ref{W_2}. Now suppose $n > 2$.
\cite[Example~7.4]{BG}. 

\ms

Let $x \in X_K$ and $u \in W_K$. Then by Remark~\ref{incl}, $\rxi(xu)$ is equal to one of the following:
\[ \arraycolsep=2pt\begin{array}{rlrl} (\textup{i}) &  \rxi(u),\qq  & (\textup{ii}) & \rxi(u)\cup\{s_{n-1}\},\\  
(\textup{iii}) & \rxi(u)\cup\{t_n\},\qq & (\textup{iv}) & \rxi(u)\cup\{s_{n-1},\,t_n\}.\end{array} \]


%\begin{enumerate}[(\roman{enumi})]
%\item\label{proof_lemma4.7_i} $\rxi(u)$,
%\item\label{proof_lemma4.7_ii} $\rxi(u)\cup\{s_{n-1}\}$,
%\item\label{proof_lemma4.7_iii} $\rxi(u)\cup\{t_n\}$,
%\item\label{proof_lemma4.7_iv} $\rxi(u)\cup\{s_{n-1},\,t_n\}$.
%\end{enumerate}
%% \ms

Let $I \subseteq \Sxi$, and consider the sets $C_I\coloneqq \{ u \in W_K \ : \ \rxi(u) = I\}$ and $D_I\coloneqq \{xu \ : \ x \in X_K,\ u \in C_I\}$. By our inductive hypothesis, $\rxi$ partitions $W_K$ into exactly $2 \cdot 3^{n-2}$ non-empty subsets. It suffices to show that if $C_I \neq \emptyset$, then $\rxi$ partitions $D_I$ into exactly three non-empty subsets. So, fix some $I \subseteq \Sxi$ such that $C_I \neq \emptyset$, and let $u \in C_I$.

\ms

First note that $e \in X_K$ is such that $s_{n-1},t_n \notin \rxi(e u)$ for all $u \in W_K$, while $t_n \in X_K$ commutes with all $u \in W_K$ to give $s_{n-1},t_n \in \rxi(t_nu)$. We now distinguish two cases. 

\ms

\begin{enonce*}[remark]{Case A} Suppose that $t_{n-1} \notin I$. By Lemma~\ref{signdes}, we have $u(n-1)>0$. Consider $x = s_1 \cdots s_{n-1} \in X_K$. 
We have $xu(n-1)>0$ and $xu(n) = 1$, and it follows that %$s_{n-1} \in \rxi(xu)$ and $t_n \notin \rxi(xu)$, and in turn that 
$\rxi(xu) = \rxi(u)\cup\{s_{n-1}\}$.
\end{enonce*}

So now suppose there is some $x' \in X_K$ such that $s_{n-1} \notin \rxi(x'u)$. Using Lemma~\ref{signdes} and Remark~\ref{incl}, we have that $x'u(n)>x'u(n-1)>0$, and so $t_n \notin \rxi(x'u)$. Thus if $t_{n-1} \notin I$, then $\rxi(x'u)$ is not equal to $\rxi(u) \cup \{t_n\}$. 



\begin{enonce*}[remark]{Case B}
Suppose that $t_{n-1} \in I$, and let $x = t s_1 \cdots s_{n-1} \in X_K$. Via similar considerations to those in Case A, we see that $\rxi(xu) = \rxi(u)\cup\{t_n\}$ while $\rxi(x'u) \neq \rxi(u)\cup\{s_{n-1}\}$ for all $x' \in X_K$. \qedhere
\end{enonce*}
\end{proof}


\begin{corollary}
Suppose $b/a \in (k,k+1]\subseteq(1,n]$ for some $k \in \Z$. Then $\rxi$ partitions %the elements of 
$W_n$ into exactly $2^{n-k}\cdot3^k$ non-empty subsets.
\end{corollary}

% Proof -- Induction on $n$. \qed














%\newpage








\section{The set \texorpdfstring{$\Area_n$}{Zn}}\label{S5}

In this section, we collect a number of technical results for later use. 

\subsection{Shape}\label{S2.1} To any $w \in W_n$ we associate the bipartition $\sh(w)$ as in \S~\ref{B_n section}. For any bipartition $\lam \Vdash n$, we set $\Omega_\lam\coloneqq \{w \in W_n : \sh(w) = \lam\}$, and for $0 \les q \les n$ we set $\ze_q\coloneqq (1^{n-q} \mid 1^q) \Vdash n$. 
If we are in the asymptotic case, then $\Omega_\lam$ is equal to a two-sided cell, as in Theorem~\ref{ThmBI}~\ref{theo3.2_iii}.

Set $J\coloneqq \{s_1, \ldots, s_{n-1}\}$, and denote by $w_J \in W_n$ the longest word of the parabolic subgroup $W_J$. Then $\sh(w_J) = \ze_0$ and $\sh(w_Jw_0) = \ze_n$. 
We note that if $w \in W_n$ is such that either $A_n(w)=A_n(w_J)$ or $B_n(w)=B_n(w_J)$, then $w=w_J$. By Theorem~\ref{ThmBI}, the element $w_J$ lies in an asymptotic left, right and two-sided cell of cardinality one. %$1$. 
Analogous statements hold for the element $w_Jw_0$. 



\begin{definition}\label{area lr cells}
\[\begin{aligned}
\Area_n &\coloneqq \bigsqcup_{q=0}^n \Omega_{\ze_q}, \\
\rArea_n&\coloneqq \Area_n \setminus\{w_J,\, w_Jw_0\}.
\end{aligned}\]
\end{definition}

We have $\Area_n = w_0 \Area_n$ and $\Area_n = \{ w^{-1} : w \in \Area_n\}$, as well as analogous statements for $\rArea_n$.
% \subsection{Enumerative combinatorics of cells in $\Area_n$}\label{S2.2}

\ms

The cardinality of $\{ B_n(w) : w \in \Omega_{\ze_q}\}$ (and of $\{A_n(w) : w \in \Omega_{\ze_q}\}$) is~$\nchooseq$. If we are in the asymptotic case, this is equivalent to saying that~$\Omega_{\ze_q}$ contains %${n \choose q}$
$\nchooseq$ left (equivalently, right) cells, each of size %${n \choose q}$.
$\nchooseq$. For later use, we may therefore state:
\begin{equation}
\label{area number of cells 2} \ \ \big|\{B_n(w) : w \in \Area_n\}\big| \eq \sum_{q=0}^{n} \binom{n}{q}%{n \choose q} 
\eq 2^n.
\end{equation}










\subsection{Signed permutations}\label{S2.3} The condition $w \in \Area_n$ is quite a strict one, and in turn places conditions on the row form of $w$. Indeed, let us consider %$w=w_1 \cdots w_n \in \Area_n$ 
$w = w(1), \ldots, w(n) \in \Area_n$ 
as a signed permutation. Then the subsequence $x_1, \ldots, x_q$ of negative integers % in $w$ 
must be such that $|x_1| > |x_2| > \cdots > |x_q|$. 
Similarly, the subsequence $y_1, \ldots, y_{n-q}$ of positive integers must be such that $y_1 > y_2 > \cdots > y_{n-q}$. Further, if $y, w \in \Area_n$ then $B_n(y) = B_n(w)$ if and only if $y(i)$ and $w(i)$ have the same sign for all $1 \les i \les n$.


\begin{example} We have $y,w \in \Area_7$, where: 
\[\begin{array}{rrl}
 y = \left( \begin{array}{ccccccc} 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 \\ -7 & -5 & \phantom{|}6\phantom{|} & \phantom{|}4\phantom{|} & \phantom{|}3\phantom{|} & -2 & \phantom{|}1\phantom{|} \end{array} \right)\!, & 
\Yvcentermath2 A_7(y) =\ \qc\qc \young(1,3,4,6)\ \ {\raise -10pt \hbox{\young(2,5,7)}}\,, & 
 \Yvcentermath2 B_7(y) =\ \qc\qc \young(3,4,5,7)\ \ {\raise -10pt \hbox{\young(1,2,6)}}\, , \\[2.3 em]
 
 w = \left( \begin{array}{ccccccc} 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 \\ -4 & -2 & \phantom{|}7\phantom{|} &\phantom{|}6\phantom{|} &\phantom{|}5\phantom{|} & -1 & \phantom{|}2\phantom{|} \end{array} \right)\!, &
\Yvcentermath2 A_7(w) =\ \qc\qc \young(3,5,6,7)\ \ {\raise -10pt \hbox{\young(1,2,4)}}\,, & 
 \Yvcentermath2 B_7(w) =\ \qc\qc \young(3,4,5,7)\ \ {\raise -10pt \hbox{\young(1,2,6)}}\,.
\end{array}\]
\end{example}






\subsection{Reduced expressions}\label{S2.4}
The forthcoming notation $\si_{n,q}$ and $p_{n,q}$ will be crucial in discussions regarding $\Area_n$. First set $a_0\coloneqq e$, $b_{n-1}$, $b_n\coloneqq e$, and $p_{n,0}$, $p_{n,n}\coloneqq e$, and then:
\begin{itemize}
\item for $1 \les q \les n$, set $a_q\coloneqq (t) (s_1t) \cdots (s_{q-1} \cdots s_1t)$, 
%\\[-0.9em]
\item for $0 \les q \les n-2$, set $b_q\coloneqq (s_{q+1}) (s_{q+2} s_{q+1}) \cdots (s_{n-1} \cdots s_{q+1})$, %\\[-0.9em]
\item for $0 \les q \les n$, set $\si_{n,q} \coloneqq a_q \cdot b_q$, %\\[-0.9em]
\item for $1 \les q \les n-1$, set:
\end{itemize}
\[ 
\begin{aligned} p_{n,q} &\coloneqq (s_{n-q} s_{n-q-1} \cdots s_1) (s_{n-q+1} s_{n-q} \cdots s_2) \cdots (s_{n-1} s_{n-2} \cdots s_q) \\
 &\phantom{:}\eq (s_{n-q} s_{n-q+1} \cdots s_{n-1}) (s_{n-q-1} s_{n-q} \cdots s_{n-2}) \cdots (s_1 \cdots s_q).
 \end{aligned}
\]
 Note that $a_q$ and $b_q$ commute in $W_n$, with $\ell(\si_{n,q}) = \ell(a_q) + \ell(b_q)$. 
 % We may now put this notation to its first use. 





\begin{proposition}\label{asy cells in area}
Consider the asymptotic two-sided cell $\Omega_{\ze_q} \subseteq \Area_n$. It contains the asymptotic left cell
% Let $\Omega_{\ze_q} \subseteq \Area_n$ be an asymptotic two-sided cell. Then it contains the asymptotic left cell
\[ \Ga_q\coloneqq \{ \pi \si_{n,q} : \pi \les_e p_{n,q}\},\]
and the following is a complete list of asymptotic left cells contained in $\Omega_{\ze_q}$:
\[ \{ \Ga_q \tau^{-1} : \tau \les_e p_{n,q}\}.\]
Thus,
\[ \Omega_{\ze_q} \eq \{ \pi \si_{n,q} \tau^{-1} : \pi,\tau \les_e p_{n,q}\}.\]
Further, for any $0 \les q \les n$ and $\pi,\tau \les_e p_{n,q}$, the expression $\pi \si_{n,q} \tau^{-1}$ is reduced.
\end{proposition}



Together with \S~\ref{S2.1}, this result implies that $p_{n,q}$ has %${n \choose q}$ 
$\nchooseq$ suffixes.


% Consider the action of $\pi \les_e p_{n,q} \in \mathfrak{S}_n$ on $A_n(\si_{n,q})$ and $B_n(\si_{n,q})$. \qed







\subsection{Cell decomposition}\label{S2.5}
We now give a pair of basic lemmas with useful corollaries.

\begin{lemma}\label{TL}
Let $w \in \Area_n$. Then: 

\begin{enumerate}[(\roman{enumi})]
\item\label{lemma5.4_i}
 If $wt > w$ and $wt \in \Area_n$, then $s_1 \in \rdes(w)$ and $\rdes(wt)=\rdes(w)\cup\{t\}\setminus\{s_1\}$. %\\[0.1em]

\item\label{lemma5.4_ii}
For $1 \les i \les n-2$, if $ws_i > w$ and $ws_i \in \Area_n$, then $s_{i+1} \in \rdes(w)$. We have $\rdes(ws_1) = \rdes(w) \cup\{s_1\} \setminus\{t,s_2\}$, and for $2 \les i \les n-2$ we have $\rdes(ws_i) = \rdes(w) \cup\{s_i\} \setminus\{s_{i+1}\}$. %\\[0.1em]


\item\label{lemma5.4_iii}
If $ws_{n-1} > w$ and $ws_{n-1} \in \Area_n$, then $\rdes(ws_{n-1}) = \rdes(w) \cup\{s_{n-1}\}$. 
%\\[0.1em]

\item\label{lemma5.4_iv}
Left-handed versions of the above statements also hold.
\end{enumerate}
\end{lemma}


\begin{proof}
Following the discussion in \S~\ref{S2.3}, this may be verified with judicious application of Lemma~\ref{signdes}. 
\end{proof}

\begin{corollary}\label{TL cor}
Let $y,w \in \Area_n$ with $\rdes(y)=\rdes(w)$, and let $p \in W_n$. Suppose that
\[ y \tau^{-1},\ w\tau^{-1} \in \Area_n \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \forall\, \tau \les_e p.\]
Then we have $\rdes(y\tau^{-1}) \eq \rdes(w\tau^{-1})$ for all $\tau \les_e p$.
\end{corollary}

% Proof -- A direct result from Lemma~\ref{TL}. \qed


\begin{lemma}\label{TL2}
Let $w \in \Area_n$, and $1 \les i \les n-2$. Suppose that $s_iw \in \Area_n$ with $w < s_iw$. Then $w \sim_L s_iw$ with respect to any choice of parameters.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Application of Lemma~\ref{TL}~\ref{lemma5.4_iv} shows that $M^{s_{i+1}}_{w,s_iw} = 1$, and thus $w \sim_L s_iw$, with respect to any choice of parameters\footnote{\ For the definition of $M$-polynomials, the reader may consult~\cite[Chapter 6]{L}, where they are denoted by $\mu$.}.
\end{proof}

\ms

Denote by $S_w$ the set of all $s \in S$ such that $s$ occurs in a reduced expression for $w$ (as in~\cite[\S~9.2]{L}).




\begin{corollary}\label{subcells}
Let $\Ga \subseteq \Area_n$ be an asymptotic left cell. Then the cell can be decomposed as
\[
\Ga = \ga_1 \sqcup \ga_2
\]
where $\ga_1$ and $\ga_2$ are each contained within a left cell for all choices of parameters.
% where for each $i \in \{1,2\}$, $\ga_i$ is contained within a left cell for all choices of parameters. 
%where for each $i \in \{1,2\}$ and all $y,w \in \ga_i$, we have $y \sim_L w$ for all choices of parameters. 
%where for all $y,w \in \ga_i$, $y \sim_L w$ for all choices of parameters, for each $i\in\{1,2\}$. 
Denote by $\si$ the element in $\Ga$ of minimal length, and set $q=\ell_t(\si)$.
Then we have
\[ \begin{aligned}
\ga_1 &\eq \{ \pi \si : \pi \les_e p_{n,q} \text{ and } s_{n-1} \notin S_\pi\} \eq \{\pi \si : \pi \les_e p_{n-1,q}\}, \\
\ga_2 &\eq \{ \pi \si : \pi \les_e p_{n,q} \text{ and } s_{n-1} \in S_\pi\} \eq \{\pi \chi_q \si : \pi \les_e p_{n-1,q-1}\},
\end{aligned}\]
where $\chi_q\coloneqq s_{n-1} \cdots s_q$.
\end{corollary}

\begin{proof}
We first check that the two descriptions of $\ga_1$ and $\ga_2$ are consistent. By Proposition~\ref{asy cells in area}, we may describe the cell $\Ga$ as
\[ 
\Ga \eq \{ \pi \si : \pi \les_e p_{n,q}\}.
\]
Recall the following reduced expressions for $p_{n,q}$:
\[
\begin{aligned}
p_{n,q} & \eq (s_{n-q} \cdots s_{n-1}) (s_{n-q-1} \cdots s_{n-2}) \cdots (s_1 \cdots s_q) \\
& \eq (s_{n-q} \cdots s_1) (s_{n-q+1} \cdots s_2)\cdots (s_{n-1} \cdots s_q).
\end{aligned}
\]
In the first expression, we have moved the lone $s_{n-1}$ term as far to the left as possible; in the second, as far to the right as possible. We see that $s_{n-1} \notin S_\pi$ if and only if $\pi \les_e p_{n-1,q}$. Similarly, $s_{n-1} \in S_\pi$ if and only if there exists a reduced expression for $\pi$ ending in the block sequence $\chi_q = s_{n-1} \cdots s_q$. Now note that
\[ p_{n,q} = p_{n-1,q-1} \chi_q \ \text{ with } \ \ell(p_{n,q}) \eq \ell(p_{n-1,q-1}) + \ell(\chi_q).\]

Following this, we may apply Lemma~\ref{TL2} to see that for $i \in \{1,2\}$, if $y,w \in \ga_i$, then $y \sim_L w$ for any choice of parameters. 
%both $\ga_1$ and $\ga_2$ are subsets of left cells with respect to any choice of parameters. 
In this result, we note that $\ga_2 = \emptyset$ if $|\Ga|=1$. 
\end{proof}

% if and only if $|\Ga|=1$, which is if and only if $q \in \{0,n\}$. \qed






% \newpage

\subsection{The partition of \texorpdfstring{$\Area_n$}{Zn} with respect to \texorpdfstring{$\rxi$}{RL}}\label{S2.6}
% We place here a handful of technical results regarding $\rxi$ so as to maintain the flow of subsequent arguments.

\begin{lemma}\label{s and t relation}
Let $w \in \Area_n$, and let $1 \les i \les n-1$. Then:
\[ \ell(ws_i) < \ell(w) \iff \ell(wt_i) > \ell(w).\]
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
The statement follows from Lemma~\ref{signdes} and \S~\ref{S2.3}. 
\end{proof}

\bs

\begin{corollary}\label{corollary 5.9}
Consider $(W_n,S,\wei)$ and let $y,w \in \Area_n$. 



\setlength{\tabcolsep}{4pt}
\begin{enumerate}[(\roman{enumi})]
\item\label{coro5.9_i}
If $b/a > n-2$, then
\[ 
\rxi(y) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\} = \rxi(w) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\} \iff \rxi(y)=\rxi(w).
\] %\\[-1em]
\item\label{coro5.9_ii}
If $b/a \in [1,n-1]$, then 
\[
\rxi(y)=\rxi(w) \iff \rdes(y)=\rdes(w).
\]
\end{enumerate}
\end{corollary}



\begin{lemma}\label{lemma 5.10}
Consider $(W_n,S,\wei)$.


\begin{enumerate}[(\roman{enumi})]
\item\label{lemma5.10_i}
 If $b/a > n-1$, then $\Area_n$ is partitioned by $\rxi$ into $2^n$ non-empty subsets; these subsets are exactly the asymptotic left cells. %\\

\item\label{lemma5.10_ii}
 Suppose $b/a > n-1$, and let $T \subseteq \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\}$ be arbitrary. Then there exists a unique left cell $\Ga\subseteq \Area_n$ such that for any $w \in \Ga$, we have $\rxi(w) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\}=T$. %\\

\item\label{lemma5.10_iii}
 If $b/a \in [1,n-1]$, then $\Area_n$ is partitioned by $\rxi$ (and $\rdes$) into $2^{n-1}$ non-empty subsets, each of which is the union of exactly two asymptotic left cells. 
\end{enumerate}
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
We first look at part~\ref{lemma5.10_i}. By Corollary~\ref{corollary 5.9}~\ref{coro5.9_i}, we know that 
$\rxi(y) =\rxi(w)$ if and only if $\rxi(y) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\} = \rxi(w) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\}$. 
By Lemma~\ref{signdes}, this is in turn equivalent to the statement that $y(i)$ and $w(i)$ have the same sign for all $1 \les i \les n$. As was noted in \S~\ref{S2.3}, this is if and only if $B_n(y)=B_n(w)$, which is true if and only if $y$ and $w$ are in the same asymptotic left cell. Recalling~\eqref{area number of cells 2} from \S~\ref{S2.1} finishes the proof.

Part~\ref{lemma5.10_ii} follows from part~\ref{lemma5.10_i}, Corollary~\ref{corollary 5.9}~\ref{coro5.9_i}, and the fact that the power set of $\{t_1, \ldots, t_n\}$ contains $2^n$ elements.

Turning to part~\ref{lemma5.10_iii}, we first prove the statement for $b/a \in (n-2,n-1]$. So, let $T' \subseteq \{t_1, \ldots, t_{n-1}\}$ be an arbitrary subset. Then
\begin{multline*} \{w \in \Area_n : \rxi(w) \cap\{t_1, \ldots, t_{n-1}\} = T'\} \text{ (with $b/a \in (n-2,n-1]$) } \\
\begin{aligned}
&= \{w \in \Area_n : \rxi(w) \cap\{t_1, \ldots, t_n\} = T'\} 
 \sqcup\ \{w \in \Area_n : \rxi(w) \cap\{t_1, \ldots, t_n\} 
\\
& = T'\sqcup\{t_n\}\} \text{ (with $b/a > n-1$).}
\end{aligned}
\end{multline*}
The parts of this disjoint union are non-empty by part~\ref{lemma5.10_ii}. So when $b/a \in (n-2,n-1]$, $\rxi$ partitions $\Area_n$ into half as many non-empty subsets compared to when $b/a > n-1$. Now apply part~\ref{lemma5.10_i}. Corollary~\ref{corollary 5.9}~\ref{coro5.9_ii} then extends the scope of the result to all $b/a \in [1,n-1]$. 
\end{proof}

\ms

Later, it will benefit us to have a description of how $\rxi$ partitions $\Area_n$. Lemma~\ref{lemma 5.10} indicates that we can split this into two cases. If $b/a > n-1$, then descriptions of this partition are given in both Theorem~\ref{ThmBI}~~\ref{theo3.2_i} and Proposition~\ref{asy cells in area}. Otherwise, it suffices to look at how $\rdes$ partitions $\Area_n$. 

 So let $I \subseteq S$ be such that $\{ w \in \Area_n : \rdes(w) = I \}$ is non-empty. 
 This set comprises exactly two asymptotic left cells. In order to describe all such sets in this form, we need to show how the left cells ``pair up'' under~$\rdes$. 
This has three steps; first finding representative pairings, then taking advantage of Corollary~\ref{TL cor} to ``translate'' the resulting sets (pairs of cells) via right multiplication, and finally showing that this method encompases all elements in $\Area_n$. Some notation:




\begin{itemize}
\item denote by $\Ga(w)$ the asymptotic left cell containing $w \in W_n$, %\\[-1em]
\item denote by $\Ga'(w)$ the asymptotic right cell containing $w \in W_n$, %\\[-1em]
\item set $\Up(w)\coloneqq \{ z \in \Area_n : \rdes(z)=\rdes(w)\}$ for $w \in \Area_n$, %\\[-1.1em]
\item and recall that $\chi_q \coloneqq s_{n-1} \cdots s_q$.
\end{itemize}

Let us begin by using Lemma~\ref{signdes} to see that $\rdes(\si_{n,q}) = \{t,s_{q+1},\ldots,s_{n-1}\}$. As $\chi_{q+1} \les_e p_{n,q+1}$, Proposition~\ref{asy cells in area} indicates that $\si_{n,q+1}\chi_{q+1}^{-1} \in \Area_n$, and by applying Lemma~\ref{signdes} again we see that $\rdes(\si_{n,q}) = \rdes(\si_{n,q+1}\chi_{q+1}^{-1})$. 

\ms

Thus for $0 \les q \les n-1$, we have:
\[ \Up(\si_{n,q}) \eq \Ga(\si_{n,q}) \sqcup \Ga(\si_{n,q+1}\chi^{-1}_{q+1}).\]
By Proposition~\ref{asy cells in area}, we know that $\Ga'(\si_{n,q}) = \{ \si_{n,q} \pi^{-1} : \pi \les_e p_{n,q} \}$.
As $p_{n-1,q} \les_e p_{n,q}$ and $\Ga'(\si_{n,q}) \subseteq \Area_n$, we observe that:
\[ \{ \si_{n,q} \tau^{-1} : \tau \les_e p_{n-1,q}\} \subseteq \Area_n.\]
Similarly, we have $\Ga'(\si_{n,q+1}) \eq \{ \si_{n,q+1} \pi^{-1} : \pi \les_e p_{n,q+1} \}$.
Noting that $p_{n,q+1} = p_{n-1,q} \chi_{q+1}$ with $\ell(p_{n,q+1}) = \ell(p_{n-1,q}) + \ell(\chi_{q+1})$, we also observe that:
\[ \{\si_{n,q+1} \chi^{-1}_{q+1} \tau^{-1} : \tau \les_e p_{n-1,q} \} \subseteq \Area_n.\]

These two observations allow us to apply Corollary~\ref{TL cor} (setting $y=\si_{n,q}$, $w= \si_{n,q+1}\chi^{-1}_{q+1}$ and $p=p_{n-1,q}$) to see that for all $0 \les q \les n-1$ and all $\tau \les_e p_{n-1,q}$ we have:
%\begin{equation}\label{eqn04}
\[\Up(\si_{n,q} \tau^{-1}) \eq \Ga(\si_{n,q} \tau^{-1}) \sqcup \Ga(\si_{n,q+1} \chi^{-1}_{q+1} \tau^{-1}).\]
%\end{equation}

Sets procured in this way are non-empty, mutually distinct and contained in $\Area_n$. Recalling from \S~5.4 that the number of suffixes of $p_{n,q}$ is %${n \choose q}$, 
$\nchooseq$, we see that the number of sets that we have obtained is $2^{n-1}$, 
which by Lemma~\ref{lemma 5.10}~\ref{lemma5.10_ii} is the number of non-empty sets that $\rdes$ partitions $\Area_n$ into. 
We therefore obtain Proposition~\ref{intermediate area cells} parts~\ref{prop5.11_i} and~\ref{prop5.11_ii} below. 

%Thus:
%\begin{equation}\label{area as int cells}
%\[\Area_n \eq \bigsqcup_{q{\scalebox{0.6}{$\,$}}={\scalebox{0.6}{$\,$}}0}^{n-1}\ \bigsqcup_{\tau\, \les_e\, p_{n-1,q}} \sm \Up(\si_{n,q} \tau^{-1}).\]
%\end{equation}
There is a more straightforward description of these sets.
Using the braid relations for $W_n$, we can verify that for $0 \les q \les n-1$, we have
\[ s_{n-q-1} \cdots s_1 \cdot t \cdot p_{n,q} \eq p_{n,q+1} \cdot t \cdot s_1 \cdots s_q.\]
Denote this element by $\Pi_{n,q}$, and note that both of these expressions are reduced.

\begin{proposition}\label{intermediate area cells}
Let $w \in \Area_n$. 

\begin{enumerate}[(\roman{enumi})]
\item\label{prop5.11_i}
There exists $0 \les q \les n-1$ and $\tau \les_e p_{n-1,q}$ such that: 

$ \displaystyle \Up(w) \eq \Up(\si_{n,q} \tau^{-1}) \eq \Ga(\si_{n,q} \tau^{-1}) \sqcup \Ga(\si_{n,q+1} \chi^{-1}_{q+1} \tau^{-1})$, 

\item\label{prop5.11_ii}
$ \displaystyle \Area_n \eq \bigsqcup_{q=0}^{n-1}\ \bigsqcup_{\tau\, \les_e\, p_{n-1,q}} \sm \Up(\si_{n,q} \tau^{-1})$. 

 For $0 \les q \les n-1$ and $\tau \les_e p_{n-1,q}$, we have: 
 
\item\label{prop5.11_iii}
$ \displaystyle \Up(\si_{n,q} \tau^{-1}) \eq \{ \pi \si_{n,q} \tau^{-1} : \pi \les_e \Pi_{n,q} \}$, 

\item\label{prop5.11_iv}
$ \displaystyle |\Up(\si_{n,q} \tau^{-1})| \eq \binom{n}{q} + \binom{n}{q+1}$. 
\end{enumerate} 

\end{proposition}

\begin{proof}
Verifying that the descriptions of $\Up(\si_{n,q} \tau^{-1})$ in parts~\ref{prop5.11_i} and~\ref{prop5.11_iii} are equivalent is done in an entirely similar way to verifying the asymptotic left cell decomposition in the proof of Corollary~\ref{subcells}. For part~\ref{prop5.11_iv}, consider the decomposition of $\Up(\si_{n,q} \tau^{-1})$ in part~\ref{prop5.11_i} into asymptotic cells. % Now apply Proposition~\ref{asy cells in area}, recalling that the number of suffixes of $p_{n,q}$ is ${n \choose q}$. 
\end{proof}





%\newpage



\section{An extension of the generalised \texorpdfstring{$\tau$}{tau}-invariant in type \texorpdfstring{$B_n$}{Bn}}
A classical pair of results in the theory of Kazhdan--Lusztig cells with equal parameters are as follows: if two elements of a Coxeter group lie in the same left cell then they have the same generalised $\tau$-invariant, and two such elements remain equivalent under $\sim_L$ after a $*$-operation has been applied to them; see Vogan~\cite[\S~3]{Vogan} or~\cite[\S~4]{KL}. The theory of $*$-operations and the generalised $\tau$-invariant has been substantially generalised in~\cite{BG}, providing compatibility with unequal parameters as well as the framework for maps richer than the traditional $*$-operations. In this section, we recall some definitions and results from~\cite{BG}, and introduce new ones. 

\subsection{Vogan classes}\label{S3.1}

Let $(W,S,\wei)$ be a weighted Coxeter system. We denote by $[\Ga]$ the $\IH$-module afforded by a left cell $\Ga \subseteq W$; see~\cite[\S~6]{LWeyl} for details. 

\begin{definition}[{Bonnaf{\'e}--Geck,~\cite[Definition~6.1]{BG}}] A pair $(I, \de)$ consisting of a non-empty subset $I\subseteq S$ and a left cellular map $\de:W_I\ra W_I$ is called \emph{KL-admissible}. We recall that this means that the following conditions are satisfied for every left cell $\Ga \subseteq W_I$ (with respect to $\wei|_{W_I}$):
%(with respect to $\wei$):

\begin{enumerate}[({A}\theenumi)]
\item\label{defi6.1_A1}
%(A1) 
$\de(\Ga)$ also is a left cell.

\item\label{defi6.1_A2}
%(A2) 
The map $\de$ induces an $\IH_I$-module isomorphism 
 $[\Ga] \cong [\de(\Ga)]$.
\end{enumerate}

\ms

\noindent 
We say that $(I,\de)$ is \emph{strongly KL-admissible} if, in addition to~\ref{defi6.1_A1} and~\ref{defi6.1_A2}, the following condition is satisfied:

\ms

\begin{enumerate}[({A}\theenumi)]
\setcounter{enumi}{2}
\item\label{defi6.1_A3}
%(A3) 
We have $u \sim_{R,I} \de(u)$ for all $u \in W_I$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{definition}


%\noi 
If $I \subseteq S$ and if $\de:W_I \ra W_I$ is a map, we obtain a map $\de^L:W \ra W$ by
\[ \de^L(xu) \coloneqq x \de(u) \qquad \text{for all $x \in X_I$ and $u \in W_I$.}\]
The map $\de^L$ is called the \emph{left extension of $\de$ to $W$}. However, by abuse of notation, we will often use $\de$ to refer to $\de^L$ where the meaning is clear.

\begin{theorem}[{Bonnaf{\'e}--Geck,~\cite[Theorem~6.2]{BG}}]\label{Thm BG 6.2} 
Let $(I,\de)$ be a (strongly) KL-admissible pair. Then $(S,\de^L)$ is (strongly) KL-admissible.


\end{theorem}

This theorem brings us to consider strongly KL-admissible pairs that give us as much information about the cells of $W$ as possible; to this end, we introduce an additional condition.

\begin{enumerate}[(\Alph{enumi})]\setcounter{enumi}{1}
\item\label{theo6.2_B}
If $u,v \in W_I$ are such that $u \sim_{R,I} v$, then there exists
some $k \in \Z_{\ges0}$ such that $u = \de^k(v)$.
\end{enumerate}

\begin{definition}
We say that a pair $(I,\de)$ is \emph{maximally KL-admissible} if conditions~\ref{defi6.1_A1}, \ref{defi6.1_A2}, \ref{defi6.1_A3} and ~\ref{theo6.2_B} hold.
\end{definition}

\begin{example}\label{ex S_n}
 Consider $W_n$ equipped with any weight function, and let $J\coloneqq \{s_1,\ldots, s_{n-1}\}$, so that $W_J \cong \mathfrak{S}_n$. The cells of $\mathfrak{S}_n$ are described by the Robinson--Schensted correspondence; see \cite[\S~5]{KL} or Ariki~\cite{Ariki}.


Let $\lambda\vdash n$ be a partition, and $\Omega_\lambda$ be the two-sided cell of $W_J$ such that $\sh(w) = \lambda$ for any $w \in \Omega_\lambda$. Fix an arbitrary total order on the left cells contained in $\Omega_\lambda$; say $\Ga_1 < \Ga_2 < \cdots < \Ga_k$.


We now define a map $\ep_\lam:\Omega_\lam \ra \Omega_\lam$. Let $1 \les i \les k-1$. For any $w \in \Ga_i$, set $\ep_\lam(w)$ to be equal to the unique element $w' \in \Ga_{i+1}$ such that $w \sim_{R,J} w'$. For $w \in \Ga_k$, set $\ep_\lam(w)$ to be equal to the unique element $w' \in \Ga_1$ such that $w \sim_{R,J} w'$, as in Figure~\ref{maximally KL-admissible}.


\begin{figure}
\[\begin{tikzpicture}
\tikzstyle{lrcell} = [rectangle, rounded corners, minimum width=132pt, minimum height=115pt, text centered, draw=black, fill=white!25]
\tikzstyle{lcell} = [rectangle, rounded corners, minimum width=120pt, minimum height=16pt,text centered, draw=gray ]

\node at (0,0) [lrcell] {};

\node at (0,-1.49) [lcell] {};
\node at (0,-.48) [lcell] {};
\node at (0,1.51) [lcell] {};
\node at (0, .52) [lcell] {};

\foreach \x in {0,1,2,3}
\foreach \y in {0,1,2,3}
{ \node at (\x - 1.5,\y -1.5) {$\bullet$}; }

\foreach \x in {0,1,2,3}
{ \arghk{\x-1.4 }{1.05} }
\end{tikzpicture}\]

\caption{A two-sided cell $\Omega_\lam \subseteq \mathfrak{S}_n$ % with each element represented by a $\bullet$,
with left cells given by rows, and right cells by columns. The map % $\ep_\lam:\Omega_\lam \lra \Omega_\lam$ 
$\ep_\lam$ is indicated by the arrows.}\label{maximally KL-admissible}
\end{figure}




This map can be then extended to the rest of the group by setting:
\[ \ep'_\lam(w) = %\left\{ \arraycolsep=5pt
\begin{cases} \ep_\lam(w) & \text{ if } w \in \Omega_\lam, \\ w & \text{ otherwise.} 
\end{cases}
\]


Finally, we can define a map $\ep:W_J \ra W_J$ by taking the composition of all maps $\ep'_\lam:W_J \ra W_J$ over the indexing set $\{\lambda \ : \ \lambda \vdash n\}$.

We know that $\ep$ satisfies condition \ref{defi6.1_A2} by
\cite[Example~2.6]{GeckRel}.
%Geck~\cite[Example~2.6]{GeckRel} tells us that $\ep$ satisfies condition (A2). 
From the construction, we can see that $(J,\ep)$ is maximally KL-admissible, and well-defined up to the choice of total ordering on left cells in each two-sided cell.
\end{example}

\begin{example}\label{ex W_n}
Consider $(W_n,S,\wei)$ and set $K\coloneqq \{t,s_1, \ldots, s_{n-2}\}$ so that $W_K = W_{n-1}$.
 Suppose that the restriction of $\wei$ to $W_K$ is an asymptotic weight function for $W_K$. Then the left, right and two-sided cells of $W_K$ are determined by the generalised Robinson--Schensted correspondence, as in Theorem~\ref{ThmBI}. Now we can proceed analogously to Example~\ref{ex S_n} to obtain a map $\psi:W_K \ra W_K$.
Both
\cite[Theorem~6.3]{GeckRel} and \cite[Example~6.8]{BG} tell us that $\psi$ satsifies condition ~\ref{defi6.1_A2}.
%\cite[Theorem~6.3]{GeckRel} tells us that $\psi$ satisfies condition~\ref{defi6.1_A2}, as does~\cite[Example~6.8]{BG}. 
The resulting pair $(K, \psi)$ is maximally KL-admissible.

Recall from Theorem~\ref{ThmBI} that $b/a > n-1$ is the optimal lower bound for a weight function on $W_n$ to result in asymptotic cells. Thus, the maximally KL-admissible pair $(K,\psi)$ is well-defined (up to a choice of total ordering on left cells in two-sided cells) with respect to any $\wei:W_n \ra \Z_{\ges0}$ such that $b/a > n-2$.

\looseness-1
Conversely, if $b/a \les n-2$, then $\wei|_{W_K}$ is not an asymptotic weight function for $W_K$. Without a suitable analogue of~\cite[Theorem~6.3]{GeckRel}, we cannot readily produce a non-trivial map $\psi':K \ra K$ such that $(K,\psi')$ is a KL-admissible pair with respect to $\wei'$.
\end{example}

From now until the end of this section we fix an arbitrary weighted Coxeter system $(W,S,\wei)$, as well as a map $\rho:W \ra E$ (where $E$ is a fixed set) such that the fibres of $\rho$ are (possibly empty)\footnote{\ In~\cite[\S~7]{BG}, the condition that $\rho$ is surjective is not necessary.} unions of left cells.

\begin{definition}[{Bonnaf{\'e}--Geck,~\cite[\S~7]{BG}}]\label{def vogan} 
Let $\De$ be a collection of KL-admissible pairs with respect to $(W,S,\wei)$.
We define by induction on $n$ a family of equivalence relations $\app_n^{\De, \rho}$ on $W$ as follows. Let $y,w \in W$.
\begin{itemize}
\item For $n=0$, we write $y \app_0^{\De, \rho} w$ if $\rho(y)=\rho(w)$. %\\[-0.8 em]
\item For $n \ges 1$, we write $y \app_n^{\De, \rho} w$ if $y \app_{n-1}^{\De, \rho} w$ and $\de^L(y) \app_{n-1}^{\De, \rho} \de^L(w)$ for all $(I,\de) \in \De$.
\end{itemize}
We write $y \app^{\De, \rho}w$ if $y \app_n^{\De, \rho} w$ for all $n \ges 0$. The equivalence classes under this relation are called the \emph{left Vogan} ($\De$, $\rho$)\emph{-classes}.
\end{definition}

\begin{theorem}[{Bonnaf{\'e}--Geck,~\cite[Theorem~7.2]{BG}}]\label{Thm BG 7.2}
Let $y,w \in W$. Then \[y \sim_L w \ \Ra \ y \approx^{\De,\,\rho}w.\]
\end{theorem}

\subsection{Orbits}\label{S3.2}
In the case of equal parameters, the $*$-orbit of an element $w$ is the set consisting of $w$ and all elements that can be reached from $w$ by a sequence of $*$-operations. As shown in~\cite{KL}, the $*$-orbit of $w$ is contained in the right cell containing $w$.
Theorem~\ref{Thm BG 6.2} offers an analogue of this result in the more general framework of strongly KL-admissible pairs.

\ms

Let $\De$ be a collection of strongly KL-admissible pairs, and $y,w \in W$. If $y$ can be reached from $w$ via a sequence of applications of maps $\de^L$ such that $(I,\de) \in \De$, then we write $y \stackclose\De\llra w$, and we denote by $\orb^R_\De(w)$ the set of all elements related to $w$ in this way. We refer to this set as the \emph{$\De$-orbit of $w$}, and it is a subset of the right cell containing $w$. By Theorem~\ref{Thm BG 6.2} and Theorem~\ref{Thm BG 7.2} respectively, we have:
%\begin{equation}\label{orb cell Vogan}
\[y^{-1} \stackrel{\De}\llra w^{-1} \ \Ra \ y \sim_L w \ \Ra \ y \approx^{\De,\,\rho}w.\]
%\end{equation}
Hence left Vogan $(\De,\rho)$-classes are unions of left cells, which are in turn unions of inverses of $\De$-orbits.

\ms

Since inverses of $\De$-orbits play an important role later, we also define:
\[\orb^L_\De(w)\coloneqq \{y \in W : y^{-1} \stackrel\De\llra w^{-1}\} \eq\{y^{-1} \in W : y \in \orb^R_\De(w^{-1})\}.\]
The superscripts are chosen so that $\orb^R_\De(w)$ is contained in the \emph{right} cell containing $w$, and $\orb^L_\De(w)$ is contained in the \emph{left} cell containing $w$.

\ms

Suppose that every $(I,\de) \in \De$ is such that the map $\de$ has finite order. It follows that each $\de$ is a bijection and that the corresponding left extension $\de^L$ is a bijection of finite order. So
\[ \mathcal{V}_\De \coloneqq \langle\, \de^L : (I,\de) \in \De \,\rangle \]
is a group of permutations of the elements of $W$, and the orbit of $w \in W$ with respect to $\mathcal{V}_\De$ is precisely the $\De$-orbit of $w$.





\subsection{KL-admissible pairs}\label{section kl ad}
The following lemma lists some properties of KL-admissible pairs. 
\begin{lemma}\label{KL pair lemma}
All sets of KL-admissible pairs mentioned will be with respect to $(W,S,\wei)$. 


\begin{enumerate}[(\roman{enumi})]
\item\label{lemma6.8_i} 
If $(I,\de)$ is a strongly KL-admissible pair, then $\De \coloneqq \{ (I,\de) \}$ may be replaced by a collection $\De'$ of strongly KL-admissible pairs, where each $(I',\de') \in \De'$ is such that $W_{I'}$ is an irreducible Coxeter group, and for all $y,w \in W$ we have:
\begin{itemize}
\item $y \stackrel\De\llra w \ \Ra \ y \stackrel{\De'} \llra w$ %\vskip 4pt
\item $y \app^{\De'\qc\qc,\,\rho} w \ \Ra \ y \app^{\De,\,\rho} w$.
\end{itemize} %\\[-0.6em]



\item\label{lemma6.8_ii} 
Suppose that $(I,\de)$ is strongly KL-admissible and $(I',\de')$ is maximally KL-admissible, with $I \subseteq I'$. Then for all $y,w \in W$, we have: 
\begin{itemize}
\item $y \stackrel{\{(I, \de)\}}\llra w \ \Ra \ y \stackrel{\{(I'\!, \de')\}} \llra w$ 
%\vskip 4pt
\item $y \app^{{\{(I'\!, \de')\}},\,\rho} w \ \Ra \ y \app^{{\{(I, \de)\}},\,\rho} w$.
\end{itemize} %\\[-0.6em]

\item\label{lemma6.8_iii} 
 Suppose that $W$ has a complete list $W_{I_1}, \ldots, W_{I_d}$ of distinct irreducible parabolic subgroups of rank $|S| - 1$, and for each $W_{I_i}$ there is a corresponding maximally KL-admissible pair $(I_i,\de_i)$. Set $\Xi\coloneqq \{ (I_i,\de_i) : 1 \les i \les d \}$, and let $\De$ be any other set of strongly KL-admissible pairs (such that\footnote{\ Vogan classes are a tool for inductively obtaining cellular information from parabolic
subgroups. It makes sense, therefore, to restrict ourselves with the condition $I \neq S$.}
 for any $(I,\de) \in \De$ we have $I \neq S$). Then for all $y,w \in W$, we have:
\begin{itemize}
\item $y \stackrel\De\llra w \ \Ra \ y \stackrel\Xi\llra w$ %\vskip 4pt
\item $y \app^{\Xi,\,\rho} w \ \Ra \ y \app^{\De,\,\rho} w$.
\end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}
\end{lemma}


\begin{proof}
%Proof -- 
We begin by noting that in all three parts, the first claim implies the second by Definition~\ref{def vogan}. We prove only part~\ref{lemma6.8_iii}. 


Assume towards a contradiction that we have two elements $y,w \in W$ in the same $\De$-orbit but not in the same $\Xi$-orbit. So there is some $(I,\de) \in \De$ such that we have $y \in \orb^R_{\{(I,\de)\}}(w)$ but not $y \in \orb^R_{\Xi}(w)$. 
We have $y = (\de^L)^k(w)$ for some $k \in \Z_{\ges0}$; by the definition of the left extension of a map we must have $\rep_I(y) = \rep_I(w)$. Using part~\ref{lemma6.8_i}, it will suffice if we assume that $W_I$ is irreducible, and thus lies in some parabolic subgroup of rank $|S|-1$. So consider some $(I',\de') \in \Xi$ with $I \subseteq I'$, and apply part~\ref{lemma6.8_ii} to obtain the contradiction. 
%\qed
\end{proof}



\ms

%\newtcolorbox{mybox2}{colback=black!10!white,colframe=white!90!black}
%\begin{mybox2}
%{\bf Conventions.}
\begin{enonce*}[remark]{Conventions}
 For the rest of this paper, we shall only work with weight functions $\wei:W_n \ra \Z $ 
 such that $b/a > n-2$. We also establish the following notation: 
\begin{itemize}
\item let $(J,\ep)$ be as in Example~\ref{ex S_n}, %\\[-1.0em]
\item let $(K,\psi)$ be as in Example~\ref{ex W_n}, %\\[-1.0em]
\item and set $\Xi\coloneqq \{ (J,\ep), (K,\psi) \}$. 
\end{itemize} 

\noindent 
Further, we will take $\rho = \rxi$ from now on.
%\end{mybox2}
\end{enonce*}

\ms


The pair $(J,\ep)$ does not depend on our choice of weight function (the Iwahori--Hecke algebra of symmetric group does not admit unequal parameters), while we have mentioned in Example~\ref{ex W_n} that the pair $(K,\psi)$ is well-defined (up to a choice of ordering on the left cells) for any $\wei$ such that $b/a > n-2$. 

\ms

A corollary to Lemma~\ref{KL pair lemma}~\ref{lemma6.8_ii} is that the $\Xi$-orbits (and thus, left Vogan $(\Xi,\rho)$-classes) are independent of the choice of total ordering placed on the left cells in Examples~\ref{ex S_n}~and~\ref{ex W_n}. 

\ms

Noting that $\Xi$ satisfies the conditions in Lemma~\ref{KL pair lemma}~\ref{lemma6.8_iii} motivates this particular choice of set of KL-admissible pairs. 

\ms

As the maps $\ep$ and $\psi$ have finite order, $\mathcal{V}_\Xi$ is a group of permutations of the elements of $W_n$.
















\section{Determining \texorpdfstring{$\Xi$}{Xi}-orbits}\label{S7}

This section will be used to describe the decomposition of $W_n$ into $\Xi$-orbits. The key to this is relating the group $\mathcal{V}_\Xi$ to (generalised) Knuth relations, and thus to (bi)tableaux and cells. For $w \in \mathfrak{S}_n$, denote by $(P(w),Q(w))$ the application of the Robinson--Schensted algorithm.

\subsection{Generalised Knuth relations}
Let $w = w(1), \ldots, w(n) \in W_n$ be a signed permutation. We define the following relations, being modified versions of the ones found in 5.1.4 of Knuth~\cite{Knuth} and~\cite[\S~3]{BI}.

\ms



%\noi %$\Irm _k$ -- 
For $1 \les i \les k-2$: if $w(i+1) < w(i) < w(i+2)$ or $w(i+2) < w(i) < w(i+1)$, then set $w'\coloneqq ws_{i+1}$
and say that $w$ and $w'$ differ by a relation of type $\Irm_k$.

\ms




%\noi %$\IIrm _k$ -- 
For $1 \les i \les k-2$: if $w(i+1) < w(i+2) < w(i)$ or $w(i) < w(i+2) < w(i+1)$, then set $w'\coloneqq ws_{i}$ 
and say that $w$ and $w'$ differ by a relation of type $\IIrm_k$.

\ms

%\noi %$\IIIrm _k$ -- 
For $1 \les i \les k-1$: if the sign of $w(i)$ and $w(i+1)$ differ, then set $w'\coloneqq ws_{i}$ 
and say that $w$ and $w'$ differ by a relation of type $\IIIrm_k$.

\ms



If two (signed) permutations $y,w$ are linked by a series of Knuth relations of, say, types I$_k$ and II$_k$, then we denote this by $y \sim_{\Irm_k,\,\IIrm_k }w$. We may now state two important results in this context.

\begin{theorem}[{Knuth,~\cite[Theorem~6]{Knuth}}]\label{K Knuth}
Let $u,v \in W(A_{n-1})$. Then $u \sim_{\Irm _n,\,\IIrm _n }v$ if and only if $P(u)=P(v)$.
\end{theorem}

\begin{proposition}[{Bonnaf{\'e}--Iancu,~\cite[Proposition~3.8]{BI}}]\label{BI Knuth}
Let $y,w \in W_n$. Then $y \sim_{\Irm _n,\,\IIrm _n ,\,\IIIrm _n}w$ if and only if $A_n(y)=A_n(w)$.
\end{proposition}




We will determine to what degree we can recover the Knuth relations using only the maps $\ep^L$ and $\psi^L$.




\begin{lemma}\label{type A proj lemma}
Let $w \in W_n$, and denote $u\coloneqq \pr_J(w)$. Then $w(i) > w(j)$ if and only if $u(i) > u(j)$, for $1 \les i, j \les n$.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
We identify $x\coloneqq \rep_J(w)$. Let $p_1,\, p_2, \ldots,\, p_q$ be the increasing sequence comprising the $q=\ell_t(w)$ negative entries in the row form of~$w$, and similarly $m_1,\, m_2, \ldots,\, m_{n-q}$ the increasing sequence comprising the positive entries. Set $r_1\coloneqq t$ and recursively define $r_{i+1}\coloneqq s_ir_i=s_i \cdots s_1t$. Then from \S~4.1 of~\cite{BI}, we have
%\[ x \eq r_{|p_q|} \!\cdots r_{|p_1|} \,=\, \left( \begin{array}{ccccccccc} 1 & 2 & \cdots & q & \phan q+1 \phan & \cdots & n-1 & n \\[0.1em]
%\phan p_1 \phan & \phan p_2 \phan & \phan\cdots\phan & \phan p_q \phan & \phan m_{1} \phan & \phan\cdots\phan & \phan m_{n-q-1} \phan& \phan m_{n-q}\phan 
%\end{array}\right).\]
\[ 
x \eq r_{|p_q|} \!\cdots r_{|p_1|} = \left( %\arraycolsep=5pt
\begin{matrix} 1 & 2 & \cdots & q & q+1 & \cdots & n-1 & n \\%[0.1em]
 p_1 & p_2 & \cdots & p_q & m_{1} & \cdots & m_{n-q-1} & m_{n-q} 
\end{matrix}\right).
\]
We can read off from this that the element $x$ has the property of preserving the ordering of the row form of $u$ under left multiplication; that is to say $u(i) > u(j)$ if and only if $xu(i) > xu(j)$. 
\end{proof}





\begin{lemma}\label{type B proj lemma}
Let $w \in W_n$ and denote $u\coloneqq \pr_K(w)$.
Then

\begin{enumerate}[(\roman{enumi})]
\item\label{lemma7.4_i}
 $w(i) > w(j)$ if and only if $u(i) > u(j)$, for $1 \les i,j \les n-1$, %\\[0.15em]

\item\label{lemma7.4_ii}
 $w(j) > 0$ if and only if $u(j) > 0$, for $1 \les j \les n-1$.
\end{enumerate}

\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Let $k = w(n)$. There exists a unique $x \in X_K$ such that $x(n) = k$, and so $x = \rep_K(w)$. Denote by $\sgn(z)$ the sign of $z \in \Z$. Then we have
\[ x = \left( %\arraycolsep=5pt
\begin{matrix} 1 & 2 & \cdots & |k|-1 & |k| & \cdots & n-1 & n \\
1 & 2 & \cdots & |k|-1 & |k| + 1 & \cdots & n & k
\end{matrix}\right),
\]
and in turn,
\[ w(i) = %\left\{ %\arraycolsep=5pt
\begin{cases}
u(i) & \text{ if } 1 \les |u(i)| \les |k|-1, \\[0.1em]
u(i) + \sgn(u(i)) & \text{ if } |k| \les |u(i)| \les n-1, \\[0.1em]
k & \text{ if } i= n.
\end{cases}%\right
.\]
Parts~\ref{lemma7.4_i} and~\ref{lemma7.4_ii} follow from this formula and Lemma~\ref{signdes}. 
\end{proof}





\begin{lemma}\label{lemma rep relations}
Let $y,w \in W_n$.

\begin{enumerate}[(\roman{enumi})]
\item\label{lemma7.5_i}
 If $y \sim_{\Irm _n,\,\IIrm _n} w$ then $\rep_J(y) = \rep_J(w)$. 
 %\\[0.15em]

\item\label{lemma7.5_ii}
 If $y \sim_{\Irm _{n-1},\,\IIrm _{n-1} ,\,\IIIrm _{n-1}} w$, then $\rep_K(y) = \rep_K(w)$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{lemma}
%Proof -- Elementary. \qed

%\ms

\begin{corollary}\label{corollary 7.6}
Let $y,w \in W_n$. Then

%\smallskip

\begin{enumerate}[(\roman{enumi})]
\item\label{coro7.6_i}
 $w = \ep^k(y)$ for some $k \in \Z$ if and only if $y \sim_{\Irm _n,\,\IIrm _n} w$, %\\[0.15em]

\item\label{coro7.6_ii}
 $w = \psi^k(y)$ for some $k \in \Z$ if and only if $y \sim_{\Irm _{n-1},\,\IIrm _{n-1} ,\,\IIIrm _{n-1}} w$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{corollary}

\begin{proof}
We prove only part~\ref{coro7.6_i}. Suppose $w = \ep^k(y)$. By the definition of the left extension of a map (see \S~\ref{S3.1}), we have $\rep_J(y) = \rep_J(w)$. Now set $u\coloneqq \pr_J(y)$, $v\coloneqq \pr_J(w)$, and $x\coloneqq \rep_J(y)= \rep_J(w)$. Then
\[ %\arraycolsep=5pt
\begin{aligned}
\exists\, k \in \Z : v = \ep^k(u) & \iff u \sim_{R,J} v && \ \text{by property (B)} \\
& \iff P(u) = P(v) && \ \text{\cite[\S~5]{KL}}\\
& \iff u \sim_{\Irm _n,\,\IIrm _n} v && \ \text{Theorem~\ref{K Knuth}} \\
& \iff xu \sim_{\Irm _n,\,\IIrm _n} xv. && % \text{Lemma~\ref{type A proj lemma} (i).}
\end{aligned}
\]
For the last equivalence, the forward implication is %afforded 
given 
by Lemma~\ref{type A proj lemma}, while the converse uses Lemma~\ref{lemma rep relations}~\ref{lemma7.5_i} as well. 
\end{proof}

\ms

The following result is due to Welsh through private communication.


\begin{lemma}[Welsh]\label{Welsh 2} Let $w =w(1), \ldots, w(n) \in W_n \setminus \Area_n$ be a signed permutation such that $w(n-1)$ and $w(n)$ have opposing signs. Then the element $w'= w s_{n-1}$ is connected to $w$ by a sequence of Knuth relations of types $\Irm _n$, $\IIrm _n$ and $\IIIrm _{n-1}$.
\end{lemma}





\begin{proof}
Denote by $w_{n-1}\coloneqq w(n-1)$, $w_n\coloneqq w(n)$, by $x_1, \ldots, x_f$ the subsequence of negative entries in $w(1), \ldots, w(n-2)$, and by $y_1, \ldots, y_g$ the subsequence of positive entries. Suppose that $w_{n-1} < 0 < w_n$, so that we have
\[ w \ \sim_{\IIIrm _{n-1}}\ x_1, \ldots, x_f, w_{n-1}, y_1, \ldots, y_g, w_n.\]
If we had instead $w_n < 0 < w_{n-1}$, then we would repeatedly use relations of type $\IIIrm _{n-1}$ to move all of the positive entries to the left, and then proceed with an analogous argument to the following.

\ms

Suppose that we do not have $y_1 > y_2 > \cdots > y_g > w_n$. Then there exists a maximal index $k$ such that $y_k < y_{k+1}$, with the convention $y_{g+1}\coloneqq w_n$. If $y_k < w_n$, then it is straightforward to prove the lemma.

So assume that $y_k > w_n$. Let $j \in \{k+1,\ldots,g\}$ be the unique index such that $y_j > y_k > y_{j+1}$. 
If two elements differ only by the block sequences $y_k, \ldots,y_g,w_n$ and $y_{k+1}, \ldots,y_{j-1},y_k,y_{j+1}, \ldots, y_g,w_n,y_j$, then they are linked by a sequence of relations of types $\Irm _n$ and $\IIrm _n$. We use this in the second and fifth statements of the following. 
We have:
\[ \arraycolsep=5pt\begin{array}{r@{\ }l@{\ }l}
w & \sim_{\IIIrm _{n-1}} & x_1 \cdots x_f w_{n-1} y_1 \cdots y_{k-1} y_k y_{k+1} \cdots y_{j-1} y_j y_{j+1} \cdots y_g w_n \\[0.2em]
& \sim_{\Irm _n,\,\IIrm _n } & x_1 \cdots x_f w_{n-1} y_1 \cdots y_{k-1} y_{k+1} \cdots y_{j-1} y_k y_{j+1} \cdots y_g w_n y_j \\[0.2em]
& \sim_{\IIIrm _{n-1}} & x_1 \cdots x_f y_1 \cdots y_{k-1} y_{k+1} \cdots y_{j-1} y_k y_{j+1} \cdots y_g {w_n w_{n-1} y_j} \\[0.2em]
& \sim_{\Irm _n} & x_1 \cdots x_f y_1 \cdots y_{k-1} y_{k+1} \cdots y_{j-1} y_k y_{j+1} \cdots y_g w_n y_j w_{n-1} \\[0.2em]
& \sim_{\Irm _n,\,\IIrm _n } & x_1 \cdots x_f y_1 \cdots y_{k-1} y_k y_{k+1} \cdots y_{j-1} y_j y_{j+1} \cdots y_g w_n w_{n-1} \\[0.2em]
& \sim_{\IIIrm _{n-1}} & w_1 \cdots w_{n-2} w_n w_{n-1} = w'.
\end{array}\]


Now suppose instead that $y_1 > y_2 > \cdots > y_g > w_n$. As $w \notin \Area_n$, by \S~\ref{S2.3} we cannot have $x_1 < x_2 < \cdots < x_f < w_{n-1}$. With similar arguments to the above, the result holds. 
\end{proof}

\ms



Recall from Corollary~\ref{corollary 7.6} that if $y \sim_{\Irm _n,\,\IIrm _n} w$, then we have $w = \ep^{k_1} (y)$ for some $k_1 \in \Z$, and if $y \sim_{\IIIrm _{n-1}} w$, then we have $w = \psi^{k_2} (y)$ for some $k_2 \in \Z$. So under the hypothesis of Lemma~\ref{Welsh 2}, we know that $w$ can be transformed into $w' = w s_{n-1}$ by applying a combination of the maps $\ep$ and $\psi$ suitably. In other words, if $w \notin \Area_n$ and $w \sim_{\IIIrm _{n}} ws_{n-1}$, then %$w \stackclose\Xi\llra ws_{n-1}$.
$ws_{n-1} \in \orb^R_\Xi(w)$.



\subsection{\texorpdfstring{$\Xi$}{Xi}-orbits} We begin by showing how $W_n \setminus \rArea_n$ is partitioned into $\Xi$-orbits.
Let $y,w \in W_n$. Then:
\begin{equation}\label{eqn subset}
y \stackrel\Xi\llra w \ \Ra \ A_n(y) = A_n(w).
\end{equation} 
Indeed, $\Xi$-orbits are subsets of asymptotic right cells by Theorem~\ref{Thm BG 6.2}, and so~\eqref{eqn subset} follows by the characterisation of these cells in Theorem~\ref{ThmBI}~\ref{theo3.2_ii}. 

A converse to~\eqref{eqn subset} exists if we assume that $y,w \in W_n\setminus\rArea_n$. Combining our discussion of the elements $w_J$ and $w_Jw_0$ in \S~\ref{S2.1} with Proposition~\ref{BI Knuth}, it suffices to show that for $y,w \in W_n\setminus\Area_n$, if $y\sim_{\Irm _{n},\,\IIrm _{n} ,\,\IIIrm _{n}} w$ then $y$ and $w$ lie in the same $\Xi$-orbit. However, this follows from Corollary~\ref{corollary 7.6} and Lemma~\ref{Welsh 2}, yielding the following result. 



\begin{proposition}\label{orbit iff bitableaux}
Suppose $(W_n,S,\wei)$ is such that $b/a > n-2$, and let $y,w \in W_n \setminus \rArea_n$. Then
\[ y \stackrel\Xi\llra w \iff A_n(y) = A_n(w).\]
\end{proposition}

We now consider how $\rArea_n$ is partitioned into $\Xi$-orbits. 






\begin{lemma}\label{area orbit iff bitableaux}
Suppose $(W_n,S,\wei)$ is such that $b/a > n-2$, and let $y,w \in \rArea_n$. Then we may have $A_n(y) = A_n(w)$ without %$y \stackrel\Xi\llra w$. 
$w \in \orb_\Xi^R(y)$. 
Indeed, let $1 \les q \les n-1$, and let $T_q$ be any standard bitableau of shape $(1^{n-q} \mid 1^q)$. Then the set $\Ga'(T_q)\coloneqq \{ w \in W_n : A_n(w) = T_q\}$ is equal to the union of exactly two $\Xi$-orbits.
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
\looseness-1
Consider $w=w(1), \ldots, w(n) \in \Ga'(T_q)$ as a signed permutation, and note that $q=\ell_t(w)$. As in \S~\ref{S2.3}, we write $x_1, \ldots, x_q$ for the (increasing) subsequence of negative integers in the row form of $w$, and $y_1, \ldots, y_{n-q}$ for the (decreasing) subsequence of positive integers. Schensted~\cite[Theorems~1 and~2]{Schensted} motivates the following observations.

\begin{itemize}%[leftmargin=36pt]
\item Suppose $w(n) > 0$; that is, $w(n) = y_{n-q}$. Then by Lemma~\ref{type A proj lemma}, $\pr_J(w)$ has a longest increasing subsequence of length $q+1$, and a longest decreasing subsequence of length $n-q$. By Lemma~\ref{type B proj lemma}~\ref{lemma7.4_ii}, we note that $\ell_t(w) = \ell_t(\pr_K(w))$. %\\[-1em]

\item Suppose $w(n)< 0$; that is, $w(n) = x_q$. Then by Lemma~\ref{type A proj lemma}, $\pr_J(w)$ has a longest increasing subsequence of length $q$, and a longest decreasing subsequence of length $n-q+1$. By Lemma~\ref{type B proj lemma}~\ref{lemma7.4_ii}, we note that $\ell_t(w) = \ell_t(\pr_K(w))+1$.
\end{itemize}



We denote $r\coloneqq n-q$ and $\ob{x}_i\coloneqq |x_i|$ for reasons of typesetting. Applying the generalised Robinson--Schensted insertion algorithm, we see that:
\[\begin{tikzpicture}
\node at (-1.05,0.9) {$A_n(w) \, =$};

\xbox{0}{2.7}{0.9}{y_r}
\xbox{0}{1.8}{0.9}{y_{r-1}}
\zbox{0}{0.9}{0.9}{\vdots}
\xbox{0}{0}{0.9}{y_1}

\xbox{1.5}{2.7}{0.9}{\ob{x}_q}
\xbox{1.5}{1.8}{0.9}{\ob{x}_{q-1}}
\zbox{1.5}{0.9}{0.9}{\vdots}
\xbox{1.5}{0}{0.9}{\ob{x}_1}

\node at (2.65,0.87) {.};
\end{tikzpicture}\]


\begin{figure}[p]\centering
\[\begin{tikzpicture}%[scale = 0.95]

\node at (-1.7,0.9) {$A_{n-1}(\pr_K(w)) \, = $};

\tbox{0}{2.7}{0.9}{y'_{r-1}}
\tbox{0}{1.8}{0.9}{y'_{r-2}}
\zbox{0}{0.9}{0.9}{\vdots}
\tbox{0}{0}{0.9}{y'_{1}}

\tbox{1.5}{2.7}{0.9}{\ob{x}'_q}
\tbox{1.5}{1.8}{0.9}{\ob{x}'_{q-1}}
\zbox{1.5}{0.9}{0.9}{\vdots}
\tbox{1.5}{0}{0.9}{\ob{x}'_1}

\node at (2.7,0.87) {\text{,}};

\node at (6,0.9) {$\begin{array}{lr} \text{where if } w(i)= x_j & \text{ (resp. } y_j \text{),} \\ \text{then }x'_j\coloneqq \pr_K(w)(i) & \text{ (resp. } y'_j \text{),} \end{array}$};

\node at (-2.3,-1.65) {$\iff w(n) >0$};

\node at (-1.95,-3) {$ \iff P(\pr_J(w)) \, = $};

\tbox{0}{-2.2}{0.9}{x''_1}
\tbox{0.9}{-2.2}{0.9}{x''_{2}}
\xbox{1.8}{-2.2}{0.9}{\cdots}
\tbox{2.7}{-2.2}{0.9}{x''_q}
\tbox{3.6}{-2.2}{0.9}{y''_r}
\tbox{0}{-3.1}{0.9}{y''_{r-1}}
\tbox{0}{-4}{0.9}{y''_{r-2}}
\zbox{0}{-4.9}{0.9}{\vdots}
\tbox{0}{-5.8}{0.9}{y''_{1}}

\node at (4.8,-3.2) {\text{,}};

\node at (6,-4.7) {$\begin{array}{lr} \text{where if } w(i)= x_j & \text{ (resp. } y_j \text{),} \\ \text{then }x''_j\coloneqq \pr_J(w)(i) & \text{ (resp. } y''_j \text{).} \end{array}$};

\node at (-2.3,-7.2) {We also have:};
\end{tikzpicture}\]


{\color{white}.}\\[-2.5em]


\[\begin{tikzpicture}

\node at (-1.7,0.9) {$A_{n-1}(\pr_K(w)) \, = $};

\tbox{0}{2.7}{0.9}{y'_r}
\tbox{0}{1.8}{0.9}{y'_{r-1}}
\zbox{0}{0.9}{0.9}{\vdots}
\tbox{0}{0}{0.9}{y'_{1}}

\tbox{1.5}{2.7}{0.9}{\ob{x}'_{q-1}}
\tbox{1.5}{1.8}{0.9}{\ob{x}'_{q-2}}
\zbox{1.5}{0.9}{0.9}{\vdots}
\xbox{1.5}{0}{0.9}{\ob{x}'_{1}}

\node at (2.7,0.87) {\text{,}};

\node at (6,0.9) {$\begin{array}{lr} \text{where if } w(i)= x_j & \text{ (resp. } y_j \text{),} \\ \text{then }x'_j\coloneqq \pr_K(w)(i) & \text{ (resp. } y'_j \text{),} \end{array}$};

\node at (-2.25,-1.6) {$\iff w(n) < 0$};

\node at (-1.9,-3) {$ \iff P(\pr_J(w)) \, = $};

\tbox{0}{-2.15}{0.9}{x''_1}
\tbox{0.9}{-2.15}{0.9}{x''_{2}}
\xbox{1.8}{-2.15}{0.9}{\cdots}
\tbox{2.7}{-2.15}{0.9}{x''_q}
\tbox{0}{-3.05}{0.9}{y''_{r}}
\tbox{0}{-3.95}{0.9}{y''_{r-1}}
\zbox{0}{-4.85}{0.9}{\vdots}
\tbox{0}{-5.75}{0.9}{y''_{1}}

\node at (3.9,-3.15) {\text{,}};

\node at (6,-4.65) {$\begin{array}{lr} \text{where if } w(i)= x_j & \text{ (resp. } y_j \text{),} \\ \text{then }x''_j\coloneqq \pr_J(w)(i)& \text{ (resp. } y''_j \text{).} \end{array}$};
\end{tikzpicture}\]
\caption{Two collections of equivalent statements pertaining to the proof of Lemma~\ref{area orbit iff bitableaux}.}\label{Lemma 7.10 diagram}
\end{figure}

%\noi 
Now we use our observations to deduce the contents of Figure~\ref{Lemma 7.10 diagram}.

\ms

We have a disjoint union of non-empty sets $\Ga'(T_q) \eq \ga'_1 \sqcup \ga'_2$, where 
% \[\Ga'(T_q) \eq \ga'_1 \sqcup \ga'_2\]
%where $\ga'_1\coloneqq \{ w \in W_n \, : \, A_n(w) = T_q \text{\ and\ } w(n)>0\}$ and $\ga'_2\coloneqq \{w \in W_n : A_n(w) = T_q \text{\ and\ } w(n) <0\}$. 
\begin{itemize}
\item $\ga'_1\coloneqq \{ w \in W_n : A_n(w) = T_q \text{ and } w(n)>0 \}$, %\\[-1em] %and 

\item $\ga'_2\coloneqq \{ w \in W_n : A_n(w) = T_q \text{ and } w(n) <0 \}$. 
\end{itemize}
By noting that $\Ga'(T_q)$ coincides with an asymptotic right cell, we see that this decomposition may be identified with that in (a right-handed version of) Corollary~\ref{subcells}. 
Let $y,w \in \Ga'(T_q)$. Then using Figure~\ref{Lemma 7.10 diagram}, we deduce that the following four statements are true if and only if $y,w \in \ga'_i$ for some $i \in \{1,2\}$:
\[ \arraycolsep=2pt\begin{array}{rllrl}
(\textup{i}) & A_{n-1}(\pr_K(y))=A_{n-1}(\pr_K(w)), &  & 
(\textup{ii}) & y \stackrel{\{(K,\psi)\}}\llra w, \\
(\textup{iii}) & P(\pr_J(y)) = P(\pr_J(w)), & & 
(\textup{iv}) & y \stackrel{\{(J,\ep)\}}\llra w.
\end{array}\]


%\begin{enumerate}[(\roman{enumi})]
%\item\label{proof_lemma7.9_i} %(i) & 
%$A_{n-1}(\pr_K(y))=A_{n-1}(\pr_K(w))$,
%\item\label{proof_lemma7.9_ii} %% & & (ii) & 
%$y \stackrel{\{(K,\psi)\}}\llra w$, %\\
%\item\label{proof_lemma7.9_iii} %(iii) & 
%$P(\pr_J(y)) = P(\pr_J(w))$, 
%\item\label{proof_lemma7.9_iv} %& & (iv) & 
%$y \stackrel{\{(J,\ep)\}}\llra w$.
%\end{enumerate}




%\noi 
This proves the lemma, as well as Proposition~\ref{asy orbits}~\ref{prop7.10_iii}. 
\end{proof}








%\newpage

\begin{proposition}\label{asy orbits}
Suppose $(W_n,S,\wei)$ is such that $b/a > n-2$. 

\begin{enumerate}[(\roman{enumi})]
\item\label{prop7.10_i}
% $W_n$ comprises $\YBT +\, 2^n -2$ $\Xi$-orbits, where $\YBT$ is the number of %standard bitableaux of size $n$. 
 %\\[0.5em]
The number of $\Xi$-orbits that comprise $W_n$ is $\YBT + 2^n-2$, where $\YBT$ is the number of standard bitableaux of size $n$.

\item\label{prop7.10_ii}
 Let $w \in W_n$.

\begin{itemize}%[leftmargin=36pt]
\item If $w \in W_n \setminus \rArea_n$ then
\[ \orb^R_\Xi(w) \eq \{w' \in W_n : A_n(w) = A_n(w')\}. \qq \qq \qq \ \]
\item If $w \in \rArea_n$ and $w(n)>0$, then
\[ \orb^R_\Xi(w) \eq \{w' \in W_n : A_n(w) = A_n(w') \text{ and } w'(n)>0\}.\]
\item If $w \in \rArea_n$ and $w(n)<0$, then
\[ \orb^R_\Xi(w) \eq \{w' \in W_n : A_n(w) = A_n(w') \text{ and } w'(n)<0\}.\]
\end{itemize}

\item\label{prop7.10_iii}
 If $w \in \Area_n$, then 
\end{enumerate}
\[ \orb^R_\Xi(w) \eq \orb^R_{\{(J,\ep)\}}(w) \eq \orb^R_{\{(K,\psi)\}}(w).\]
%\end{tabular}
\end{proposition}

\begin{proof}
Part~\ref{prop7.10_ii} follows from Proposition~\ref{orbit iff bitableaux} and the proof of Lemma~\ref{area orbit iff bitableaux}, 
%The proof of part (iii) is contained within that of Lemma~\ref{area orbit iff bitableaux}. Finally, 
while part~\ref{prop7.10_i} holds by part~\ref{prop7.10_ii} and application of~\eqref{area number of cells 2} from \S~\ref{S2.1}. 
\end{proof}

\ms

An immediate consequence of this is that $w \in W_n\setminus\rArea_n$ if and only if the $\Xi$-orbit containing $w$ coincides with the asymptotic right cell containing~$w$.

\ms


As noted in \S~\ref{section kl ad}, $\Xi$ satisfies the conditions in Lemma~\ref{KL pair lemma}; together with this result we confirm the conjecture mentioned at the end of~\cite[Example~6.8]{BG}.

\ms


A table comparing the number of $\Xi$-orbits to the number of asymptotic and intermediate right cells of $W_n$ is given in Figure~\ref{orbit table}.



\begin{figure}[htb]\centering
%\[ \qq \qq \qq \emph{cells} \ \qq \qq \qq \emph{$\Xi$-orbits}\]
%\[\arraycolsep=5pt\begin{array} {|c|cc|}
% \hline
% \phantom{\Big{|}} & \frac ba = n-1 & \frac ba > n-1 \\ [0.2 em] \hline
%\phantom{\big{|}}\!\!n\!=\!2\!\!\phantom{\Big{|}} & 4 & 6 \\
%\phantom{\big{|}}3\phantom{\Big{|}} & 16 & 20 \\
%\phantom{\big{|}}4\phantom{\Big{|}} & 68 & 76 \\
%\phantom{\big{|}}5\phantom{\Big{|}} & 296 & 312 \\
%\phantom{\big{|}}6\phantom{\Big{|}} & 1352 & 1384 \\
%\phantom{\big{|}}7\phantom{\Big{|}} & 6448 & 6512 \\[0.2 em] \hline
%\end{array} \ \ \
%\begin{array}{|c|}
%\hline
%\frac ba > n-2 \phantom{\Big{|}} \\ \hline
%\phantom{\Big{|}}8\phantom{\Big{|}} \\
%\phantom{\Big{|}}26\phantom{\Big{|}}\\
%\phantom{\Big{|}}90\phantom{\Big{|}} \\
%\phantom{\Big{|}}342\phantom{\Big{|}} \\
%\phantom{\Big{|}}1446\phantom{\Big{|}} \\
%\phantom{\Big{|}}6638\phantom{\Big{|}} \\ \hline
%\end{array}\]
%\[ \qq \qq \qq \emph{cells} \ \qq \qq \qq \emph{$\Xi$-orbits}\]
\noindent
$\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}\arraycolsep=5pt\begin{array} {|c|cc|}
\multicolumn{1}{c}{}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{\emph{cells}}\\
 \hline
 \phantom{\Big{|}} & \frac ba = n-1 & \frac ba > n-1 \\ [0.2 em] \hline
n=2 & 4 & 6 \\
3& 16 & 20 \\
4& 68 & 76 \\
5& 296 & 312 \\
6& 1352 & 1384 \\
7 & 6448 & 6512 \\[0.2 em] \hline
\end{array} \ \ \
\begin{array}{|c|}
\multicolumn{1}{c}{\emph{$\Xi$-orbits}}\\
\hline
\frac ba > n-2 \phantom{\Big{|}} \\ \hline
8\\
26\\
90 \\
342 \\
1446\\
6638\\ \hline
\end{array}
$%\]


\caption{On the left, the number of left/right cells of $W_n$ with respect to the given weights. On the right, the number of $\Xi$-orbits that comprise $W_n$.}\label{orbit table}
\end{figure}










\subsection{The property \texorpdfstring{\ref{star}}{(*)}} 
We require a final discussion regarding bipartitions and $\Xi$-orbits before moving on to Vogan $(\Xi,\rxi)$-classes.


\ms

\looseness-1
If $\pi$ is a partition of $n$ with conjugate denoted $\pi'$, and $\lam = (\lam^+ \mid \lam^-) = (\lam^+_1, \ldots, \lam^+_f \mid \lam^-_1, \ldots, \lam^-_g) \Vdash n$ is a bipartition of $n$, then $\lam' \coloneqq ( (\lam^-)' \mid (\lam^+)' )$ is the conjugate bipartition of $\lam$.
If we write $\lam = (\lam_1, \ldots, \lam_{f+g})$ where $\lam_i=\lam^+_i$ for $1 \les i \les f$ and $\lam_{f+j} = \lam^-_j$ for $1 \les j \les g$, then we can define:
\[ I(\lam)\coloneqq S \setminus \{t,\, s_{\lam_1},\, s_{\lam_1+\lam_2},\, \ldots,\, s_{\lam_1 + \lam_2 + \cdots + \lam_{f+g-1}} \}. \]
Set $q\coloneqq \lam_1 + \cdots + \lam_f$, denote by $w_{I(\lam)}$ the longest word of $W_{I(\lam)}$, and by $w_q$ the longest word of $W_q$. Then we set
\[ w_\lam \coloneqq w_{I(\lam)} w_q.\]
Thus $\rdes(w_{I(\lam)}) = I(\lam)$, and if $b/a > q-1$, then $\rxi(w_\lam) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\} = \{t_1, \ldots, t_q\}$. With the notation of \S~\ref{S5}, we have $w_{(q \mid n-q)} = \si_{n,q} \in \Omega_{\ze_q}$. % \subseteq \Area_n$.

Note that $\sh(w_\lam)=\lam'$, and so $w_{\lam'} \in \Omega_\lam$. We are interested in whether or not an element $z \in W_n$ has the property:
\begin{equation}
%\qq \qq \qq \ \ \ \ \ \ 
\exists\, \nu \in \mathcal{V}_\Xi : \nu(z) \in \orb^L_\Xi (w_{\sh(z)'}). 
%\qq \qq \qq \qq \ \ \ \ 
\tag*{($\star$)} \label{star}
\end{equation}
% \[ \exists\, \nu \in \mathcal{V}_\Xi \ : \ \nu(z) \in \orb^L_\Xi (w_{\sh(z)'}). \]
% \[(\star) \qq \qq \qq \ \ \ \ \exists\, \nu \in \mathcal{V}_\Xi \ : \ \nu(z) \in \orb^L_\Xi (w_{(\sh(z))'}). \qq \qq \qq \qq \ \ \]
For such an element $z$, it follows from Proposition~\ref{asy orbits}~\ref{prop7.10_ii} that there exists some $\hat{z} \in \orb^L_\Xi(z)$ such that $\nu(\hat{z}) = w_{\sh(z)'}$; this $\hat{z}$ is the unique element in the intersection of $\orb^L_\Xi(z)$ with $\orb^R_\Xi(w_{\sh(z)'})$. 

\ms




\begin{remark}\label{orbit scope}
From Proposition~\ref{asy orbits}, we can state that $w \in W_n$ satisfies~\ref{star} if and only if $w \in W_n\setminus\rArea_n$ or $w \in \rArea_n$, $w(n)>0$ and $w^{-1}(n) > 0$.
\end{remark}


\begin{remark}\label{rmk tsuki}
%Suppose $(W_n,S,\wei)$ is such that $b/a > n-2$, and let 
Let $y,w \in W_n\setminus \rArea_n$. By Propositions~\ref{orbit iff bitableaux} and~\ref{BI Knuth} respectively, we have:
\[ y \stackrel\Xi\llra w \iff A_n(y) = A_n(w) \iff y \sim_{\Irm _n,\,\IIrm _n ,\,\IIIrm _n}w.\]
\end{remark}












%\newpage


\section{Vogan \texorpdfstring{$(\Xi,\rxi)$}{(Xi, Rn)}-classes when \texorpdfstring{$b/a > n-2$}{b/a > n - 2}}

In this section, we prove the main result of the paper. To do this, we begin by stating two results of Bonnaf{\'e} from~\cite{BonKLB}. %\cite{BonKLBErratum} {\cb (( we have already mentioned the erratum, but in the introduction. Should we do so again here?))}
 Recall that $\chi_q \coloneqq s_{n-1} \cdots s_q$. 

\begin{proposition}[{Bonnaf{\'e},~\cite[Proposition~4.1]{BonKLB}}]\label{Bon Prop 4.1}
Let $0 \les q \les n$, let $\al, \be \les_e p_{n,q}$ and let $\si, \si' \in W_{S\setminus\{t,s_q\}}$ be such that $\si \sim_L \si'$. Assume that $b/a \ges n-1$. Then
\[ \al a_q \si \be^{-1} \,\sim_L\, a_q \si' \be^{-1}.\]
\end{proposition}

\begin{proposition}[{Bonnaf{\'e},~\cite[Proposition~6.1]{BonKLB}}]\label{Bon Prop 6.1}
Let $0 \les q \les n-1$ and assume that $b/a \les n-1$. Then
\[ s_1 \cdots s_q \cdot \si_{n,q} \,\sim_L\, \si_{n,q+1} \chi_{q+1}^{-1}.\]
\end{proposition}

Note that these two results of Bonnaf{\'e}'s are valid simultaneously if and only if $b/a = n-1$. 

\begin{lemma}\label{Lemma 001}
Suppose $(W_n,S,\wei)$ is such that $b/a \ges n-1$ and $y,w \in \Area_n$. Then the following are equivalent: 

\begin{enumerate}[(\roman{enumi})]
\item\label{lemma8.3_i}
 $y \app^{\Xi,\rxi} \!\!\! w$, %\\[0.1em]
\item\label{lemma8.3_ii}
$y \sim_L w$, %\\[0.2em]
\item\label{lemma8.3_iii}
 $\rxi(y)=\rxi(w)$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{lemma}


\begin{proof}
We have~\ref{lemma8.3_ii} implies~\ref{lemma8.3_i} by Theorem~\ref{Thm BG 7.2}, while Definition~\ref{def vogan} shows that~\ref{lemma8.3_i} implies~\ref{lemma8.3_iii}. If $b/a > n-1$, then~\ref{lemma8.3_iii} implies~\ref{lemma8.3_ii} by Lemma~\ref{lemma 5.10}~\ref{lemma5.10_i}. If $b/a = n-1$, then we have $\rxi(y)=\rxi(w)$ if and only if $\rdes(y)=\rdes(w)$ by Corollary~\ref{corollary 5.9}~\ref{coro5.9_ii}. So, it remains to prove that when $b/a=n-1$, $\rdes(y)=\rdes(w)$ implies that $y \sim_L w$.

\ms

\looseness-1
We have seen in Lemma~\ref{lemma 5.10}~\ref{lemma5.10_iii} and the subsequent discussion in \S~\ref{S2.6} that %if $z \in \Area_n$, then $\Up(z)\coloneqq \{z' \in \Area_n : \rdes(z)=\rdes(z')\}$ 
$\Up(w)\coloneqq \{z \in \Area_n : \rdes(z)=\rdes(w)\}$ 
comprises exactly two asymptotic left cells, a decomposition which we denote by $\Up(w) = \Ga_1 \sqcup \Ga_2$. Our first step will be to show that
\begin{equation}\label{eqn 09}
y \sim_L w \text{ when } \frac ba > n-1 \ \Ra \ y \sim_L w \text{ when } \frac ba = n-1.
\end{equation}
Following our discussion of the elements $w_J$ and $w_Jw_0$ in \S~\ref{S2.1}, we can assume $y, w \in \rArea_n$ when proving~\eqref{eqn 09}.

Suppose $y,w \in \Ga \subseteq \rArea_n$, where $\Ga$ is an asymptotic left cell. We can decompose $\Ga$ as $\Ga = \ga_1 \sqcup \ga_2$, where the disjoint union is as in Corollary~\ref{subcells}. Let $q=\ell_t(y)=\ell_t(w)$. By Corollary~\ref{subcells}, the sets $\ga_1$ and $\ga_2$ are subsets of left cells with respect to any choice of parameters; in particular, they must be subsets of left cells when $b/a = n-1$. Thus to prove~\eqref{eqn 09}, it suffices to show that there exist representatives $y' \in \ga_1$ and $w' \in \ga_2$ such that $y' \sim_L w'$ when $b/a = n-1$. So set $y'\coloneqq \si_{n,q} \theta^{-1}$ where $\theta \les_e p_{n,q}$ is such that $y' \in \ga_1$, and set $w'\coloneqq \chi_q y' \in \ga_2$. Let $b_q$ be as in \S~\ref{S2.4}.

 We now apply Proposition~\ref{Bon Prop 4.1} with $\al = \chi_q$, $\be = \theta$ and $\si=\si'=b_q$ to see that $y' \sim_L w'$ when $b/a = n-1$;~\eqref{eqn 09} is now proved.

\ms

By Proposition~\ref{intermediate area cells}~\ref{prop5.11_i}, we know that the sets $\Ga_1$ and $\Ga_2$ are of the form $\Ga(\si_{n,q}\tau^{-1})$ and $\Ga(\si_{n,q+1}\chi^{-1}_{q+1}\tau^{-1})$ respectively for some $0 \les q \les n-1$ and $\tau \les_e p_{n-1,q}$, which we fix for the remainder of this proof. Thus it remains to show that $\si_{n,q}\tau^{-1} \sim_L \si_{n,q+1}\chi^{-1}_{q+1}\tau^{-1}$ when $b/a = n-1$. Indeed, the following holds for $b/a \in (n-2,n-1]$, resulting in Corollary~\ref{proto-areadiff}.

%$b/a \in (n-2,n-1]$ (and so, in particular, when $b/a = n-1$). Note that Corollary~\ref{proto-areadiff} will be a direct result of this.

By Corollary~\ref{subcells}, we have $\si_{n,q} \sim_L s_1\cdots s_q \si_{n,q}$ for all choices of parameters. Then by Proposition~\ref{Bon Prop 6.1}, we have $\si_{n,q} \sim_L \si_{n,q+1}\chi_{q+1}^{-1}$. Recall that if $y \sim_L w$, then $\nu(y) \sim_L \nu(w)$ for all $\nu \in \mathcal{V}_\Xi$. 

Consider $\Ga'(\si_{n,q})$, and the corresponding subset $\ga_1$ as in (a right-handed version of) Corollary~\ref{subcells}. Compare $\ga_1$ with the description of $\Xi$-orbits in Proposition~\ref{asy orbits}~\ref{prop7.10_ii} to see that
\[ \si_{n,q} \stackrel\Xi\llra \si_{n,q} \tau^{-1} \text{ if and only if } \tau \les_e p_{n-1,q}.\]
Now we use Proposition~\ref{asy orbits}~\ref{prop7.10_iii} to reduce this statement to 
\[ \si_{n,q} \stackrel{\{(I,\de)\}}\llra \si_{n,q} \tau^{-1} \text{ if and only if } \tau \les_e p_{n-1,q},\]
where $(I,\de) \in \Xi$. By the same results, we have 
\[ \si_{n,q+1}\chi_{q+1}^{-1} \stackrel{\{(I,\de)\}}\llra \si_{n,q+1}\chi_{q+1}^{-1} \tau^{-1} \text{ if and only if } \tau \les_e p_{n-1,q}.\]
It may be verified that $\pr_I(\si_{n,q}) = \pr_I(\si_{n,q+1}\chi_{q+1}^{-1})$ for $(I,\de) \in \Xi$. It now follows that $\nu ( \si_{n,q}) = \si_{n,q} \tau^{-1}$ if and only if $\nu(\si_{n,q+1}\chi_{q+1}^{-1}) = \si_{n,q+1}\chi_{q+1}^{-1} \tau^{-1}$. Thus $\si_{n,q}\tau^{-1} \sim_L \si_{n,q+1}\chi^{-1}_{q+1}\tau^{-1}$, as needed. 
\end{proof}









\begin{corollary}\label{proto-areadiff}
No asymptotic left cell contained in $\Area_n$ is a left cell with respect to $b/a \in (n-2,n-1]$.
\end{corollary}



% {\color{white} $\bullet$}\\[-1.1em]
We will write $\app$ for $\app^{\Xi,\rxi}$ in proofs for cleaner notation. Remark~\ref{orbit scope} describes the scope of the following result. 




\begin{lemma}\label{Lemma 002a}
Suppose $(W_n,S,\wei)$ is such that $b/a > n-2$. Let $y,w \in W_n$ be elements satisfying~\ref{star} with $\ell_t(y) = \ell_t(w)$. Then
\[ y \app^{\Xi,\rxi} \!\! w \ \Ra \ y \in \orb^L_\Xi(w).\]
\end{lemma}

We note that the following proof is adapted from part of Ariki's proof of Theorem A in~\cite[\S~3.4]{Ariki}, who in turn remarks to have adapted an argument from the proof of Jantzen~\cite[Satz 5.25]{Jantzen}. 

\ms

\begin{proof}
Denote $q\coloneqq \ell_t(y) = \ell_t(w)$. Let $\lam,\mu \Vdash n$ be such that $\sh(y) = \lam'$ and $\sh(w) = \mu'$. Let $\al,\be \in \mathcal{V}_\Xi$ be such that $\al(y) \in \orb^L_\Xi(w_\lam)$ and $\be(w) \in \orb^L_\Xi(w_\mu)$. Let $\hat{y}, \hat{w} \in W_n$ be the unique elements in the intersection of $\orb^L_\Xi(y)$ with $\orb^R_\Xi(w_\lam)$ and $\orb^L_\Xi(w)$ with $\orb^R_\Xi(w_\mu)$ respectively. 
Note that $\al(\hat{y}) = w_\lam$ and $\be(\hat{w}) = w_\mu$. 

As $\hat{y} \in \orb^L_\Xi(y)$ and $\hat{w} \in \orb^L_\Xi(w)$, we have $y \sim_L \hat{y}$ and $w \sim_L \hat{w}$. Applying Theorem~\ref{Thm BG 7.2}, we see that %$\hat{y} \,\app\, y \,\app\, w \,\app\, \hat{w}$.
\[\hat{y} \,\app\, y \,\app\, w \,\app\, \hat{w}.\]

We apply the generalised Robinson--Schensted algorithm to the first $q$ entries of the row forms of $\al(\hat{w})$ and $\be(\hat{y})$; that is, their negative entries. Our focus will first be on the recording bitableaux of $\al(\hat{w})$, with that of $\be(\hat{y})$ being obtained in a similar fashion. 


As $\hat{y} \app \hat{w}$ and $\al(\hat{y}) = w_\lam$, we have $\rxi(\al(\hat{w})) = \rxi(\al(\hat{y})) = \rxi(w_\lam)$. % Thus $\rdes(w_q \al(\hat{w})) = I(\lam)$. This is not true! They may differ on $s_q$. 
So by Lemma~\ref{signdes}, the first $\lam^+_1$ entries in the row form of $ \al(\hat{w})$ form an increasing sequence (of negative integers), the next $\lam^+_2$ entries form an increasing sequence, and so on. % up to the final $\lam^-_g$ entries. 
So the first column of the second tableau of $B_n(\al(\hat{w}))$ is a column of length at least $\lam^+_1$. As $\sh(\al(\hat{w})) = \sh(w) = \mu'$, the length of this first column equals $\mu^+_1$. 

Similarly, the length of the first column of the second tableau of $B_n(\be(\hat{y}))$ is a column of length at least $\mu^+_1$, and equal to $\lam^+_1$. Combining these observations indicates that $\lam^+_1 = \mu^+_1$. %, and that in both cases, this first column is filled successively with the numbers $1, \ldots, \lam^+_1 = \mu^+_1$.

We continue in this way, noting that bumping between the columns during the algorithm produces a contradiction to the previous statements. We thus determine that $\lam^+ = \mu^+$. By similarly working with the remaining $n-q$ entries in the row forms of $\al(\hat{w})$ and $\be(\hat{y})$ -- that is, the positive entries -- we determine that $\lam^- = \mu^-$. Thus $\lam = \mu$, and we have:
\[ B_n(\al(\hat{w})) \eq B_n(w_\lam) \eq B_n(w_\mu) \eq B_n(\be(\hat{y})).\]

As $\be(\hat{y}) \in \orb^R_\Xi(w_\lam)$, we have $A_n(\be(\hat{y})) = A_n(w_\lam)$ by Proposition~\ref{asy orbits}~\ref{prop7.10_ii}. Similarly, $\al(\hat{w}) \in \orb^R_\Xi(w_\mu)$, and so $A_n(\al(\hat{w})) = A_n(w_\mu)$. Now that we know the recording and insertion bitableaux of $\al(\hat{w})$ and $\be(\hat{y})$, we can determine these elements; we have:
\[ \al(\hat{w}) \eq \be(\hat{y}) \eq w_\lam \eq w_\mu \eq \al(\hat{y}) \eq \be(\hat{w}).\]
Thus $\hat{y} = \hat{w}$, and so $y \in \orb^L_\Xi(w)$ as needed. 
\end{proof}









\begin{lemma}\label{Lemma 002b}
Suppose $(W_n,S,\wei)$ is such that $b/a > n-2$. Let $y,w \in W_n\setminus\Area_n$ with $\ell_t(y) \neq \ell_t(w)$. Then $y$ and $w$ do not lie in the same left Vogan $(\Xi,\rxi)$-class. 
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
Suppose, towards a contradiction, that $y \app w$. As $\ell_t(y) \neq \ell_t(w)$ and $\rxi(y) = \rxi(w)$, we must have $b/a \in (n-2,n-1]$ and $\ell_t(y) = \ell_t(w) \pm 1$. Without loss of generality, we will assume that $\ell_t(y) = q$ and $\ell_t(w) = q+1$ for some $0 \les q \les n-1$. 

As $y$ satisfies~\ref{star} by Remark~\ref{orbit scope}, there exists some $\al \in \mathcal{V}_\Xi$ such that $\al(y) \in \orb^L_\Xi(w_{\sh(y)'})$. Thus $\rxi(\al(y)) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\} = \{t_1, \ldots, t_{q}\}$, and so $\al(y)(i) < 0$ if and only if $i \in \{1,\ldots,q\}$. By Remark~\ref{rmk tsuki}, we have
\[\al(y)\ \stackrel\Xi\llra\ \al(y) \cdot s_q \ \stackrel\Xi\llra \ \ \cdots \ \ \stackrel\Xi\llra \ \al(y) \cdot s_q s_{q+1} \cdots s_{n-1}.\]
Choose $\ga \in \mathcal V_\Xi$ such that $\ga(y) = \al(y) \cdot s_q s_{q+1} \cdots s_{n-1}$. Then $\rxi(\ga(y)) \cap \{t_1,\ldots,t_n\} = \{t_1, \ldots, t_{q-1}\}$. On the other hand, the set $\rxi(\ga(w)) \cap \{t_1,\ldots,t_n\}$ must contain at least $q$ elements. 
As $\rxi(\ga(y)) \neq \rxi(\ga(w))$ implies that $y \napp w$, a contradiction is reached. 
\end{proof}




\ms

Finally, we need to show that $\Area_n$ is closed under $\app^{\Xi,\rxi}$\!\!.








\begin{lemma}\label{Lemma 003}
Suppose $(W_n,S,\wei)$ is such that $b/a > n-2$. Let $y \in \Area_n$ and $w \in W_n$. Then
\[y \app^{\Xi,\rxi} \!\! w \ \Ra \ w \in \Area_n.\]
\end{lemma}

\begin{proof}
If $w$ does not satisfy~\ref{star}, then $w \in \rArea_n$ by Remark~\ref{orbit scope}, and we are done. So we may assume from now on that $w$ satisfies~\ref{star}. 

\ms

\begin{enonce*}[remark]{Case A} 
Suppose that $y$ satisfies~\ref{star}; there exists some $\al \in \mathcal V_\Xi$ such that $\al(y) \in \orb^L_\Xi(w_{\sh(y)'})$. 
Following Lemma~\ref{Lemma 002a}, we may assume that $\ell_t(y) \neq \ell_t(w)$. Thus $b/a \in (n-2,n-1]$ and $\ell_t(y) = \ell_t(w) \pm 1$.

\begin{enonce*}[remark]{Subcase I} Suppose that $\ell_t(y) = q$ for some $0 \les q \les n-1$ and that $\ell_t(w) = q+1$. 

If $q = n-1$, there are sufficient conditions on $y$ for us to identify it; we have $y = \si_{n,n-1}$. Thus $\rxi(w) = \rxi(\si_{n,n-1})$. We know that $\ell_t(w) = n$, so we have enough information to apply Lemma~\ref{signdes} and determine that $w = \si_{n,n} \in \Area_n$. 

If $0 \les q \les n-2$, then we have $\rxi(\al(w)) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\} = \{t_1 \ldots, t_q\}$ and $\al(w)(n) < 0 < \al(w)(n-1)$. Suppose, towards a contradiction, that $w \not\in \Area_n$. %Define$\ga \in \mathcal V_\Xi$ by $\ga(w) = \al(w) \cdot s_{n-1}$. 
By Remark~\ref{rmk tsuki}, we may choose some $\ga \in \mathcal V_\Xi$ such that $\ga(w) = \al(w) \cdot s_{n-1}$.
%with $\al(w)$ and $\ga(w)$ in the same $\Xi$-orbit. 
The set $\rxi(\ga(w)) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\}$ contains $q+1$ elements, while %the set 
$\rxi(\ga(y)) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\}$ contains at most $q$ elements. Thus $y \not\app w$. 
\end{enonce*}

\begin{enonce*}[remark]{Subcase II} Suppose that $\ell_t(y) = q$ for some $1 \les q \les n$ and that $\ell_t(w) = q-1$. 

We note that if $\ell_t(y) > \ell_t(w)$ and $\rxi(\al(y)) = \rxi(\al(w))$, then we must have $q = n$, and so $y = \si_{n,n}$. Now apply Lemma~\ref{signdes} to see that if $\ell_t(w) = n-1$ and $\rxi(\al(w)) = \rxi(\si_{n,n})$ then we must have $w = \si_{n,n-1} \in \Area_n$.
\end{enonce*}
\end{enonce*}

\begin{enonce*}[remark]{Case B} Suppose that $y$ does not satisfy~\ref{star}. By Remark~\ref{orbit scope}, this assumption precludes the possibility of either $\ell_t(y) = 0$ or $\ell_t(y) = n$.

\begin{enonce*}[remark]{Subcase I} Suppose that $\ell_t(y) = \ell_t(w)$; denote this value by $q$. 


As $w$ satisfies~\ref{star}, there exists some $\be \in \mathcal V_\Xi$ such that $\be(w) \in \orb^L_\Xi (w_{\sh(w)'})$.
As $y\app w$ and $\be(w)(n) > 0$, it must be the case that $\be(y)(n)>0$. By Proposition~\ref{asy orbits}~\ref{prop7.10_ii}, we have:
\begin{equation}\label{y(n)>0}
\nu(y)(n) > 0 \qq \ \text{for all } \,\nu \in \mathcal{V}_\Xi.
\end{equation}
Suppose now, towards a contradiction, that $w\notin \Area_n$. By Remark~\ref{rmk tsuki}, we may apply a particular sequence of generalised Knuth relations of type $\IIIrm _n$ to $\be(w)$ while remaining in $\orb^R_\Xi(w)$; 
let $\ga \in \mathcal V_\Xi$ be such that 
$\ga(w) = \be(w) \cdot s_q s_{q+1} \cdots s_{n-1}$. Then we have
$\be(w) ( j) < 0$ if and only if $j \in \{1, \ldots, q\}$, and $\ga(w) ( j) < 0$ if and only if $j \in \{1, \ldots, q-1,n\}$. 
As $y \app w$ and $q \les n-1$, we must also have $\ga(y)(j)< 0$ if and only if $j \in \{1, \ldots, q-1, n\}$. However, this contradicts~\eqref{y(n)>0}. 
\end{enonce*}

\begin{enonce*}[remark]{Subcase II} Suppose that $\ell_t(y) \neq \ell_t(w)$. Let $q\coloneqq \ell_t(y)$, so that $y \in \Omega_{\ze_q}$. 

From Proposition~\ref{asy cells in area}, we observe that $\Omega_{\ze_q}$ contains a unique shortest word and a unique longest word; they are $\si_{n,q}$ and $\lam_{n,q} \coloneqq \pnq\si_{n,q}\pnq^{-1}$ respectively. From Proposition~\ref{asy orbits}, we 
%see that exactly one of the following two statements is true:
%\[ (\circ,\, i) \, \qq \exists\, \nu \in \mathcal V_\Xi \ : \ B_n(\nu(y)) \eq B_n(\si_{n,q}),\]
%\[ (\circ,\, ii) \qq \exists\, \nu \in \mathcal V_\Xi \ : \ B_n(\nu(y)) \eq B_n(\lam_{n,q}).\]
determine that: 
\begin{align}\label{eqn y(n)>0} \exists\, \nu \in \mathcal V_\Xi \ : \ B_n(\nu(y)) \eq B_n(\si_{n,q}) &\iff y(n) > 0, 
\\
%\end{equation} \\[-2.8em]
%\begin{equation}
\label{eqn y(n)<0} \exists\, \nu \in \mathcal V_\Xi \ : \ B_n(\nu(y)) \eq B_n(\lam_{n,q}) &\iff y(n) < 0.
\end{align}

% Note that if there exists some $\nu \in \mathcal V_\Xi$ and $z \in W_n$ such that $B_n(\nu(y)) = B_n(z)$, then $\rxi(\nu(y)) = \rxi(z)$ for all $b/a$. The proof may now split into two further subcases depending on whether $y(n) > 0$ or $y(n) < 0$. The techniques involved are very similar to those already used, and so we close the proof here. \qed 

\begin{enonce*}[remark]{Subsubcase ({\upshape i})} Suppose that we are in the setting of~\eqref{eqn y(n)>0}. 

Further suppose that $q = n-1$. 
As $\rxi(y) = \rxi(w)$, we have $\ell_t(w) = n$. Note that
$\rxi(y) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_{n}\} = \rxi(w) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_{n}\} = \{t_1, \ldots, t_{n-1}\}$, and
$\rxi(\si_{n,n-1}) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_{n}\} = \{t_1, \ldots, t_{n-1}\}$.
As $y, \si_{n,n-1} \in \Area_n$, by Corollary~\ref{corollary 5.9}~\ref{coro5.9_i} we have $\rxi(w) = \rxi(\si_{n,n-1})$. We note that $\ell_t(w) = n$, and so we have enough information to apply Lemma~\ref{signdes} and determine that $w = \si_{n,n} \in \Area_n$.

We may now suppose that $1 \les q \les n-2$. 
As $\rxi(\nu(y)) = \rxi(\si_{n,q})$, we see that $\rxi(\nu(y)) \cap \{t_1,\ldots, t_n\} = \rxi(\nu(w)) \cap \{t_1,\ldots, t_n\} = \{t_1, \ldots, t_q\}$. This forces $\ell_t(w) = q+1$ and $\nu(w)(n)<0$. Assume, towards a contradiction, that $w \not\in \Area_n$. By Remark~\ref{rmk tsuki}, we may choose some $\ga \in \mathcal V_\Xi$ such that $\ga(w) = \nu(w) \cdot s_{n-1}$.
%, with $\al(w)$ and $\ga(w)$ in the same $\Xi$-orbit. 
The set $\rxi(\ga(w)) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\}$ contains $q+1$ elements, while %the set 
$\rxi(\ga(y)) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\}$ contains at most $q$ elements. Thus $y \not\app w$.
\end{enonce*}
%\ms

\begin{enonce*}[remark]{Subsubcase ({\upshape ii})} Suppose that we are in the setting of~\eqref{eqn y(n)<0}.

Then $\rxi(\nu(y)) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\} = \rxi(\lam_{n,q}) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\} = \{t_{n-q+1},\ldots,t_{n-1}\}$ and $\nu(y)(n)<0$. If $\ell_t(w) = q+1$ then $\rxi(\nu(w)) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\}$ contains at least $q$ elements, in contradiction to the previous statement. So we may assume that $\ell_t(w) = q-1$.

Suppose that $q=1$. Then the conditions on $y$ are sufficient to determine that $B_n(y) = B_n(\lam_{n,1})$. Thus $\rxi(w) = \rxi(\lam_{n,1}) = \{s_1, \ldots, s_{n-1}\}$. As $\ell_t(w) = 0$, application of Lemma~\ref{signdes} shows that $w = \si_{n,0} \in \Area_n$.

So we may now assume that $2 \les q \les n-1$. We have $\rxi(\nu(w)) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\} = \{t_{n-q+1}, \ldots, t_{n-1}\}$ and $\nu(w)(n) > 0$. Assume, towards a contradiction, that $w \not\in \Area_n$. Then by Remark~\ref{rmk tsuki}, we may choose some map $\ga \in \mathcal V_\Xi$ such that $\ga(w)=\nu(w) \cdot s_{n-1}$. It remains to note that $\rxi(\ga(w)) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\}$ contains $q-2$ elements, while $\rxi(\ga(y)) \cap \{t_1, \ldots, t_n\}$ contains at least $q-1$ elements. \qedhere
\end{enonce*}
\end{enonce*}
\end{enonce*}
\end{proof}

\begin{theorem}\label{Thm2}
Suppose $(W_n,S,\wei)$ is such that $b/a \ges n-1$. Then
\[y \sim_L w \iff y \app^{\Xi,\rxi} \!\! w.\]
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
This follows from Lemmas~\ref{Lemma 001}, \ref{Lemma 002a}, \ref{Lemma 002b} and~\ref{Lemma 003}. \end{proof}

\ms

%\hfill

Using the results of this section, we may now give a combinatorial description of the left Vogan $(\Xi,\rxi)$-classes for $b/a > n-2$. The classes differ depending on whether $b/a > n-1$ or $b/a \in (n-2,n-1]$, and they do so precisely on $\Area_n$.

If $b/a > n-1$, then we obtain a description of $\Area_n$ using Proposition~\ref{asy cells in area}. If $b/a \in (n-2,n-1]$, it is sufficient to determine the classes for a representative in this interval. So take $b/a = n-1$, and look to the decomposition of $\Area_n$ given in Proposition~\ref{intermediate area cells}~\ref{prop5.11_ii}. 

\begin{corollary}\label{hmm, corollary}
If $y,w \in W_n\setminus\Area_n$ and $b/a > n-2$, then
\[y^{-1} \stackrel\Xi\llra w^{-1} \iff y \sim_L w \iff B_n(y)=B_n(w) \iff y \app^{\Xi,\rxi} \!\!w.\]
If $b/a \in (n-2,n-1]$ we have:
\[\Area_n \eq\bigsqcup_{q=0}^{n-1}\ \bigsqcup_{\tau\, \les_e\, p_{n-1,q}} \sm \{ \pi \cdot\si_{n,q}\cdot \tau^{-1} : \pi \les_e \Pi_{n,q}=s_{n-q-1} \cdots s_1 \cdot t \cdot p_{n,q}\}.\]
Each term of the disjoint union is a left Vogan $(\Xi,\rxi)$-class, and a left cell if $b/a = n-1$.

\ms

%\noi 
If $b/a > n-1$ we have:
\[\Area_n \eq\bigsqcup_{q=0}^{n}\ \bigsqcup_{\tau\, \les_e\, p_{n,q}} \! \{ \pi \cdot\si_{n,q}\cdot \tau^{-1} : \pi \les_e p_{n,q}\}.\]
Each term of the disjoint union is both a left Vogan $(\Xi,\rxi)$-class and a left cell.

\ms

%\noi
 Further, for $b/a > n-2$, $\Area_n$ is closed under the relation $\app^{\Xi,\rxi}$\!\!.
\end{corollary}

From this, we may infer some information about the intermediate two-sided cells of $W_n$.

\begin{corollary}
Let $\Omega \subseteq W_n$ be an asymptotic two-sided cell. Then $\Omega$ is contained within an intermediate two-sided cell. Further, $\Area_n$ is contained within an intermediate two-sided cell of $W_n$.
\end{corollary}

We may also characterise the asymptotic left cells that change when passing to the intermediate or sub-asymptotic case.

\begin{corollary}\label{areadiff}
Let $\Ga \subseteq W_n$ be an asymptotic left cell. Then $\Ga$ is also a left cell with respect to $b/a \in (n-2,n-1]$ if and only if $\Ga \subseteq W_n\setminus\Area_n$.
\end{corollary}


 
\longthanks{This paper has its origins in the author's thesis. As such, it would not exist without the patient supervision of both Lacri Iancu and Jean-Baptiste Gramain. Additional thanks are due to Meinolf Geck and Thomas Pietraho for their invaluable comments. }


\bibliographystyle{amsplain-ac}
\bibliography{ALCO_Howse_153}
\end{document}
